Robinson Treaties and Indigenous Rights Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason for creating the Robinson Treaties of 1850?

  • To convert First Nations to Christianity and have them adopt European customs
  • To address the grievances from First Nations and Métis regarding land use and resource extraction (correct)
  • To create new colonies for British settlers
  • To establish trade routes with First Nations groups

    • The Robinson Treaties established that First Nations people owned the reserve lands outright.

    False (B)

    What was the name of the uprising started due to violated land rights against the mining companies?

    Mica Bay Incident

    The Robinson Treaties were signed by William Benjamin Robinson with the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) chiefs representing First Nations groups around Lake Superior and Lake ____.

    <p>Huron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their description:

    <p>Robinson Treaties = Agreements for land use between the British and First Nations Act for the Better Protection = Attempt to define who was a legal Indian and could live on reserves Royal Proclamation of 1763 = Document that was violated by settlers taking land without consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Act for the Better Protection, who was considered a First Nations person?

    <p>A person of First Nations blood belonging to a certain family/cultural group or someone married to a First Nations person (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Robinson Treaties allowed First Nations to continue to hunt and fish in the territories they had given up.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the British government do after the Seven Years’ War?

    <p>They started to establish land treaties with various Indigenous groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Manitoba Act?

    <p>To create a legal solution for the conflict between the Red River Métis and the British Crown (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Métis were given the land immediately that was promised to them in the Manitoba Act.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the Indian Act established?

    <p>1876</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Indian Act, an 'Indian' had to be registered on a special ______.

    <p>list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the government issue to the Métis instead of the promised land?

    <p>Scrip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Indian Act applied to Métis and Inuit people.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many acres of land were each Métis child supposed to receive?

    <p>240</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the act with its description.

    <p>Manitoba Act = Established Manitoba as a province and promised land to the Métis Indian Act = Defined 'Indian' status and imposed rules on First Nations people Gradual Civilization Act = An act used as a basis for the Indian Act Gradual Enfranchisement Act = An act used as a basis for the Indian Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason the Canadian government sent expeditions to the Arctic?

    <p>To claim land and prevent the United States from doing so. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The St. Catharine's Milling Case was a dispute between the federal and provincial governments regarding control over reserve lands.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary argument used by the Ontario government in the St. Catharine's Milling Case to deny Indigenous land rights?

    <p>Indigenous people were of an &quot;inferior race&quot;.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rights of First Nations were deemed to be "dependent upon the goodwill of the ________" after the St.Catharine's Milling Case.

    <p>Sovereign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Rupert's Land = Land sold to Britain, then to Canada Treaty 3 = Agreement between Saulteaux First Nations and the Government of Canada British North America Act = Document cited by the federal government to negotiate with Indigenous peoples Numbered Treaties = Agreements between the British and Indigenous peoples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these actions were used by explorers to 'claim' land in the Arctic for Canada?

    <p>Raising a flag or placing a plaque. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Canadian government always respected the rights and opinions of the Indigenous people when land was sold to Britain and then to Canada.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In recent history, what did former Prime Minister Stephan Harper use to support Canada's claim to the Arctic?

    <p>the historic presence of the Inuit and other Indigenous communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Canadian government's policy of encouraging voluntary enfranchisement for First Nations people?

    <p>To encourage First Nations people to denounce their identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Manitoba Act of 1870 was signed before the Red River Resistance.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the company that controlled the fur trade in the region that is now Manitoba?

    <p>Hudson's Bay Company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The land that now belongs to the Province of Manitoba was originally part of __________ Land.

    <p>Rupert's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason the Canadian government encouraged British colonists to migrate west?

    <p>To protect the region from being taken over by the United States. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The provisional Métis government was created after the Manitoba Act of 1870 was signed.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two groups of people who were already living in the Western territories before British colonists were encouraged to move there?

    <p>First Nations and Métis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was excluded from Treaty 4 discussions?

    <p>Métis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Saulteaux agreed to sell their lands during the Treaty 4 negotiations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the agreed upon land amount for each family under Treaty 4, if the family was up to 5 people?

    <p>640 acres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treaty 4 was signed in the year ______.

    <p>1874</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following promises of Treaty 4 with their descriptions:

    <p>Land Allotments = 640 acres of land per family (up to 5 people) Monetary Payment at Signing = $12 per community member Annual Monetary Payments = Recurring payments each year Agricultural Tools and Livestock = Items for farming and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the major impacts on First Nations peoples that led to the signing of Treaty 4?

    <p>Encroaching western settlement and declining buffalo populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The agreements made in Treaty 4 were fulfilled by the government as expected by the First Nations people.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the special area called that was created to conduct official business in Treaty 4?

    <p>Treaty Ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the land area given to the Canadian government by Treaty 7?

    <p>Approximately 130,000 km² (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The First Nations groups were fully aware they were signing over all rights to their land when they signed Treaty 7.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides land, what was a key government promise in Treaty 7?

    <p>Farming tools and livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to signing Treaty 7, the First Nations communities suffered through __________ outbreaks and saw a decline in __________ herds.

    <p>smallpox, buffalo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following items from Treaty 7 with their descriptions.

    <p>Annual payment of $5 = Given to each community member One time payment of $12 = Given to each community member Clothing medal and a flag = Given to the Chiefs 6.47km² of land = Given to a family of five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following were signatories of Treaty Number 7?

    <p>Siksika, Kainai, Piikani, Stoney-Nakoda, Tsuutina and the Government of Canada (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    First Nations communities were given equal land per family in both Treaty 1-5 and Treaty 7.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Canadian government need to obtain land from First Nations?

    <p>To build a railroad from sea to sea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Robinson Treaties of 1850

    • Two treaties, the Robinson Superior Treaty and the Robinson Huron Treaty, were created
    • The treaties involved Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) chiefs and British representative William Benjamin Robinson
    • The treaties were created due to new settlers seeking mining opportunities in the area
    • First Nations and Métis were upset that settlers were taking land without compensation, violating the Royal Proclamation of 1763
    • The chiefs agreed to give the British government a large territory north of Lakes Superior and Huron, receiving land in exchange
    • Payment for the land was to be made in yearly installments
    • 24 reserves were created for First Nations people to live on
    • Reserves were held in trust for the First Nations, but not owned by them
    • The treaty allowed First Nations to hunt and fish on the given land

    Act for the Better Protection of the Lands and Property of Indians in Lower Canada

    • 1850 Act aimed to determine the groups of people who could live on reserve land, recognizing land held in trust for Indigenous peoples
    • The act ensured the land would only be used by Indigenous peoples
    • It defined who was considered a "legal Indian" based on bloodline and family/cultural group
    • Women lost their status if they married non-status men

    Gradual Civilization Act of 1857

    • Canadian government's effort to assimilate Indigenous peoples into European lifestyle
    • Indigenous people were considered "uncivilized"
    • They were expected to follow Christianity and become farmers and denouncing their Indigenous identity and culture.
    • The act required First Nations men to renounce their legal "Indian Status" in exchange for land grants, and the right to vote
    • Indigenous people did not vote at that time

    Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869

    • Introduced voluntary enfranchisement for First Nations men
    • If a First Nations man denounced their Indigenous status they could receive land and voting rights
    • One could only live on reserve lands if they had at least one-quarter First Nations blood
    • Reserve land or government payments were not available for non-status Indigenous people

    Manitoba Act of 1870

    • Established Manitoba as a province of Canada
    • The Hudson's Bay Company surrendered Rupert's Land to Canada in 1868
    • The Canadian government encouraged settlers to move to the West, overlooking the Indigenous communities.
    • The pre-existing Métis and First Nations communities had their lifestyle and traditions disrupted.
    • Indigenous people were promised protection by the Act but were never fully kept.
    • The Indigenous people were promised land, but received scrip instead, leading to potential fraud and theft of land

    Manitoba Act of 1870 (continued)

    • Approximately 10,000 Métis in 1870 had no representation in the government
    • The Red River Resistance in 1869 led to establishment of provisional Métis government

    Indian Act of 1876

    • Defined "Indian" status granted by the Canadian government to First Nations people
    • People with status had to be registered on a special list
    • Live on assigned reserve lands
    • Related to other First Nations people by blood
    • Status was not permanent and could be revoked
    • Encouraged loss of Indigenous identity, culture and traditions among First Nations people

    Indian Act of 1876 (continued)

    • Assigned special lands for Indigenous people
    • Land ownership was not transferred
    • The government sent agents to oversee daily life
    • Enforced new laws, such as a ban on traditional practices

    Indian Act of 1876 (continued)

    • Established government control and aimed to assimilate First Nations
    • The act destroyed culture, traditions and their education
    • Encouraged loss of Indigenous identity, culture and traditions among First Nations

    Chinese Immigration Act of 1885

    • Placed a head tax on Chinese immigrants
    • Immigration aimed to regulate or restrict the Chinese population
    • Chinese workers were sought in 1858 for gold rush and in 1881 for building the Canadian Pacific Railway
    • Chinese people were treated as second-class citizens
    • Penalties imposed for not obtaining identity cards
    • Chinese workers earned low wages and had high unemployment rates.

    Arctic Interests of 1880

    • Inuit inhabited the Arctic, mostly ignored by Europeans for a while
    • Contact with Europeans introduced illnesses
    • The Hudson's Bay Company had control over a substantial portion of the land but ultimately ceded to the Canadian government
    • The Canadian government sent explorers to claim Arctic areas
    • Canada utilized historical presence of Inuit to support claim to the Arctic

    Indigenous Case Law

    • Various court cases arose over land ownership involving Indigenous groups and the federal government
    • Provincial governments argued that the federal government did not have control of the land
    • Indigenous peoples were regarded as an inferior race.
    • Interpretation of Indigenous land rights was based upon the goodwill of the government which was later overturned

    Numbered Treaties

    • Treaties signed between First Nations and the British government from 1871-1921
    • First Nations were forcibly moved onto reserves
    • Promises of support for farming, education, payments were not always fulfilled
    • Lost Indigenous rights and were dependent on the government's will

    Treaty #1

    • Signed between the Canadian government and the Anishinabek and Swampy Cree in 1871
    • Indigenous people disputed the sale of their land due to the involvement of the Hudson's Bay Company
    • Lands were gifted to the Crown
    • Annual payments and new schools were provided to the Indigenous people

    Treaty #2

    • Signed in 1871 between Canada and the Anishinaabe
    • Large land cession to "Her Majesty the Queen"
    • Indigenous groups were promised land, payments, schools, and farming tools, but these were not always upheld

    Treaty #3

    • Signed in 1873 between the Saulteaux, and the Canadian government
    • Dispute over land use, with the Saulteaux wanting to maintain their ability to use the land
    • Government promised reserve lands and other compensations which were far away
    • Indigenous peoples maintain use rights for hunting and fishing on their traditional land

    Treaty #4

    • Signed in 1874 between Cree, Saulteaux (Ojibwa) and Assiniboine First Nations groups and the Canadian government
    • Treaty promised 640 acres of land, annual payments and schools
    • Promises not fulfilling, as Indigenous people did not receive their allotments immediately
    • Issues with promises and delays made by the government

    Treaty #5

    • Signed in 1875-1876 between the Ojibwa and Swampy Cree and the Canadian government
    • Less valuable land compared to previous treaties
    • Promises of one-time payments, land, tools for farming and fishing, but not fully upheld

    Treaty #6

    • Signed in 1876 between the Cree, Assiniboine, Ojibwa peoples and the Canadian government
    • Land area included in Alberta and Saskatchewan
    • Promises of annual payments, reserve lands, schools, and rights to hunt, fish, and trap.
    • The Cree Chief Mistahimaskwa was not present at the final negotiations

    Treaty #7

    • Signed in 1877 by the Siksika, Kainai, Piikani, Stoney-Nakoda, Tsuutina and the Canadian government.
    • 130,000 km² of land was ceded by Treaty 7.
    • The treaty involved promises to provide Indigenous people with support
    • Promised land, payments, schools, equipment, but these were not always upheld.

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    Robinson Treaties of 1850 & Indigenous Acts PDF

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    Test your knowledge on the Robinson Treaties of 1850 and their impact on Indigenous land rights in Canada. Dive into the key events, concepts, and legislation that shaped the relationships between First Nations, the government, and other groups. Understand the significance of the treaties signed and their implications for Indigenous communities.

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