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Questions and Answers
What was considered a necessity for survival during the automobile age from 1960 to the early 1980s?
What is a primary objective of highway planning?
Which of the following is NOT considered an input for highway programming?
What does the slogan 'This Nation is on Wheels' reflect?
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What were foreign banks primarily involved in during the development of highways and expressways?
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What does highway planning specifically aim to establish?
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Highways contribute to economic development by primarily:
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In the context of highway programming, what does 'financial resources' refer to?
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What was the primary construction method developed by John Loudon McAdam?
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What significant development did Thomas Telford introduce to road construction?
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How did the American government contribute to highway development in the Philippines?
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What was the aim of using smaller stones in Telford's road foundation method?
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What was a major characteristic of roads built using McAdam's method?
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After World War II, which government body continued road rehabilitation and construction in the Philippines?
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What was one of the technological advancements mentioned for road construction?
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What was the initial condition of highways in the Philippines during the early 1900s?
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What is a defining feature of freeways?
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Which type of road is specifically designed for high speeds and high traffic volume?
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How are roads classified jurisdictionally?
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What characterizes local streets?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of expressways?
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Which classification of road is meant for through traffic between major population centers?
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What is a primary consideration in the selection of road projects?
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Which roads generally have fully or partially controlled access?
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What is the primary purpose of a local street?
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Which of the following best describes collector streets?
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What are national highways primarily designated for?
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What is the classification of national highways based on the Philippine Highway Act?
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Which of the following statements is true about provincial roads?
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Which of the following is a responsibility of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications?
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What is a defining characteristic of national tertiary roads?
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What is generally NOT a feature of collector streets?
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What is the primary benefit of integrating road patterns in the design of city road networks?
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Which type of road pattern is characterized by roads arranged like a star emanating from a central point?
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What is a disadvantage of the rectangular (grid) road pattern?
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Which road pattern helps minimize travel time and distance by having straight alignments?
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What is a characteristic feature of the hexagonal road pattern?
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What advantage does the radial pattern provide compared to other patterns?
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Which type of road pattern is specifically stated as being easier to construct and maintain?
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How does the minimum travel pattern impact the design of city roads?
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Study Notes
Road Construction
- Thomas Telford (1757-1834) improved on Jerome Tresaguet's road construction methods. Telford's foundation used stones with minimum dimensions of 3 inches thick, 5 inches wide, and 7 inches high.
- John Loudon McAdam designed the first modern roads using a cheaper paving material of soil and stone aggregate (known as macadam). McAdam recognized that massive rock foundations were unnecessary and that native soil could support the road if protected by a road crust.
Philippine Highway Development
- Early 1900s transportation in the Philippines depended on trails, waterways, railroads, and unpaved roads.
- American government initiated roadway development in the Philippines, connecting towns and cities. The Macadam Road was popular due to the abundance of stones and gravel.
- After World War II, the Philippines continued road and bridge construction with reparations from Japan and financial aid from the U.S.
- In the 1960s and 1970s, major highways and expressways were constructed with financial assistance from foreign banks.
- The "This Nation is on Wheels" slogan signifies the government's focus on road construction to boost economic development by getting farmers out of the mud.
Importance of Highways
- Highways are vital for economic development by reducing travel time and costs, making regions more attractive for businesses.
Highway Planning
- Objectives: to plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic operations at minimum cost. This includes considering construction, maintenance, renewal of pavement layers, and vehicle operating costs.
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Key considerations:
- Maximizing utility within available resources.
- Prioritizing road development based on utility.
- Planning for anticipated future requirements and improvements.
- Establishing financial systems.
Highway Programming Approaches
- Economic: focus on resource allocation.
- Financial: determining who pays and how much for projects.
- Political and Administrative: decision-making process.
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Approaches:
- Long-range implementation of agency functions (construction, operations, maintenance).
- Recognizing legislative and administrative desires and constraints.
- Prioritizing projects based on economic analysis, traffic levels, and political considerations.
- Ensuring continuity and coordination with other transportation modes.
- Selecting projects based on labor, material, and climatic conditions.
- Coordinating implementation with other agencies and acquiring right-of-way.
- Creating a budgetary reserve for emergencies.
Road Classification
- Functional classification: based on speed and accessibility.
- Jurisdictional classification: based on the entity responsible for construction, maintenance, and operation.
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Accessibility and speed order:
- Freeways: divided highways with fully controlled access and no at-grade intersections. Usually four lanes but expand in urban areas.
- Expressways: designed for high speeds (120 km/hr), high traffic volume, and safety. Grade separations at intersections. No parking, loading, or pedestrian traffic allowed.
- Arterials: directly serve major population centers. They are divided highways with controlled access, limited parking, and restricted pedestrian movements.
- Collector streets: provide direct service to towns, collect local traffic, and connect to arterials.
- Local streets: primarily for local access. Minimal traffic volume, unrestricted parking, and allowed pedestrian movements.
Philippine Road Classification
- National Highway: connects provincial capitals, major commercial centers, airports, seaports, national parks, and roads of military importance (as designated by the President).
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National Highway types (Department of Public Works and Highways):
- ** National Primary Roads**
- National Secondary Roads
- National Tertiary Roads
- Provincial Roads: connect cities and municipalities without traversing national roads, connect national roads to barangays (villages), and connect municipalities.
- Â Municipal and City Roads:
- Roads within the Poblacion (town center)
- Connect to provincial and national roads
- Provide inter-barangay connections
Road Patterns
- Road patterns are crucial for city development. Improper design can lead to disconnected roads, increased travel distance, and car dependency.
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Types of road patterns:
- Rectangular: grid or block pattern. Easy to construct and maintain, good aesthetics, but less safe at intersections. Example: Makati City.
- Radial: circular or elliptical network with roads emanating from the center like a star. Reduces congestion at roundabouts.
- Star Block Pattern
- Star Circular Pattern
- Star Grid Pattern
- Hexagonal: network of roads forming hexagonal figures. Minimal travel time and distance.
- Minimum Travel Pattern: sector centers, suburban facilities, and neighborhood centers connected to the city center by highways for fastest travel.
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Description
Explore the evolution of road construction techniques from Thomas Telford's innovations to the introduction of macadam in the Philippines. This quiz covers key figures in road development and the impact of American influence on transportation infrastructure in the early 20th century. Test your knowledge of the history and methods that shaped modern highways.
