Untitled Quiz

Lumber Measurement

• Lumber is sawn from logs, with thickness, width, and length.
• Sawmilling is the process of converting logs into lumber in a sawmill.
• Lumber volume is measured in board feet.
• A board foot is a plank of wood that is 1 inch thick and 1 square foot.
• 1 board foot = 1' x 1' x 1" = 1/12 cubic feet = 144 cubic inches
• 1 cubic meter (m³) = 35.33 cubic feet (ft³)
• 1 cubic meter (m³) = 424 board feet (bd ft)

Different Wastages in Sawing a Log

• Sawdust: Fine wood particles created during sawing.
• Slabs: The outer pieces cut from squaring a log.
• Edgings: Pieces cut from boards to create parallel and square sides.
• Trimmings: Pieces from squaring the ends of the boards.

Factors Affecting Board Foot Content of Logs

• Relative freedom from defects: Fewer defects lead to less waste.
• Thickness of saws: Thicker saws create wider kerfs, resulting in more waste.
• Degree of waste from slabs/edgings: Straight logs lead to less waste.
• Width of lumber sawed: Narrower boards yield less waste.

Log Rules and Scaling

• Log rules are tables or formulas (e.g., Scribner, Doyle, International) that estimate lumber volume (board feet).
• Scaling diameter is the small-end diameter of a log, measured inside the bark.
• Log length is measured in feet, volume in board feet.

Log Rule Formulas

• Formulas exist for various log rules to calculate volume.
• Rules/formulas and associated assumptions are detailed within provided tables.

Log and Log Scale

• Log scale is based on log rule and log length to give the board foot obtained.
• Mill Tally is the measured amount of board feet sawed from a log at a mill.
• Overrun occurs when mill tally is greater than the log scale,
• Underrun occurs when log scale is greater than the mill tally.

Stacked Wood

• Stacked wood includes bolts and sticks, usually less than 8 ft in length, used for firewood.
• The value of stacked wood depends on its solid content.
• Units used for volume measure stacked wood include cords and talaksans.

Veneer

• Veneer is a thin sheet of wood, cut from a log.
• Slicing produces the thinnest veneer.
• Rotary cutting produces thicker veneer.

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

• Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) include biological products other than wood from forests.
• NWFPs are goods of biological origin outside the forest.
• Examples of NTFPs include rattan, bamboo, gums and resins, honey, salago bark, nipa leaves.

Measurement of Non-Timber Forest Products

• Bamboo: Measured by the total number of matured culms and juvenile culms, expressed in kg.
• Rattan: Measured by the number of canes in a clump, expressed in kg
• Erect Palms: Measured by the number of mature palms in a clump, average diameter and height in number for the intended use.
• Gums and resins: Measured by weight, expressed in kilograms (kg).
• Honey: Measured by volume in liters.
• Salago Bark: Measured by weight in kilograms (kg).
• Nipa Leaves: Measured in bundles and shingles.

Tree Diameter

• Diameter is a straight line through the center of a circle and meets opposite ends of the circumference.
• It is measured outside of the bark (ob) and inside of the bark (ib), with the difference being twice the bark thickness.
• Diameter at breast height (dbh) is measured 1.3 meters above ground level.

Tree Height

• Tree height is the vertical distance from the tree base to the tip of the tree.
• The classification of tree heights include total height, bole height, merchantable height and stump height.

Instruments for Measuring Tree Height

• Abney Hand Level: A sighting tube with a graduated arc to measure angles.
• Haga Altimeter: A gravity-controlled instrument with various scales for direct height reading.
• Blume-Leiss Altimeter: Similar to the Haga altimeter.
• Suunto Clinometer: Measures angles and thus, height, by sighting and adjusting.
• Hypsometers: Includes different types (Merritt, Christen, Staff), based on trigonometric principles.
• Rangefinders/Hypsometers: Combine range and height measurements.
• Other instruments like a meter stick, calipers, tree forks, and more are also used.

Tree Form

• Taper: Dimension/diameter change from base to tip of the tree.
• Rate of Taper: Expressed as Form Factor and Form Quotient for estimating volume.