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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a sawmill?
What is the primary purpose of a sawmill?
How is the volume of lumber expressed?
How is the volume of lumber expressed?
Which factor does NOT affect the board foot content of a log?
Which factor does NOT affect the board foot content of a log?
What is a common waste product produced during the sawing of lumber?
What is a common waste product produced during the sawing of lumber?
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What dimensions are necessary to calculate the volume of lumber in board feet?
What dimensions are necessary to calculate the volume of lumber in board feet?
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Which of the following is an example of trimmings in lumber processing?
Which of the following is an example of trimmings in lumber processing?
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What is referred to as the scaling diameter of a log?
What is referred to as the scaling diameter of a log?
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Which of these factors would likely lead to increased waste when sawing lumber?
Which of these factors would likely lead to increased waste when sawing lumber?
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Flashcards
Board Foot
Board Foot
A unit of lumber volume, equivalent to a plank 1 inch thick, 1 foot wide, and 1 foot long.
Sawmilling
Sawmilling
The process of cutting logs into lumber.
Scaling Diameter
Scaling Diameter
The smaller end diameter of a log, measured inside the bark, used in log rule calculations.
Log Rules
Log Rules
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Lumber
Lumber
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Sawdust
Sawdust
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Slabs
Slabs
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Edgings
Edgings
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Study Notes
Lumber Measurement
- Lumber is sawn from logs, with thickness, width, and length.
- Sawmilling is the process of converting logs into lumber in a sawmill.
- Lumber volume is measured in board feet.
- A board foot is a plank of wood that is 1 inch thick and 1 square foot.
- 1 board foot = 1' x 1' x 1" = 1/12 cubic feet = 144 cubic inches
- 1 cubic meter (m³) = 35.33 cubic feet (ft³)
- 1 cubic meter (m³) = 424 board feet (bd ft)
Different Wastages in Sawing a Log
- Sawdust: Fine wood particles created during sawing.
- Slabs: The outer pieces cut from squaring a log.
- Edgings: Pieces cut from boards to create parallel and square sides.
- Trimmings: Pieces from squaring the ends of the boards.
Factors Affecting Board Foot Content of Logs
- Relative freedom from defects: Fewer defects lead to less waste.
- Thickness of saws: Thicker saws create wider kerfs, resulting in more waste.
- Degree of waste from slabs/edgings: Straight logs lead to less waste.
- Width of lumber sawed: Narrower boards yield less waste.
Log Rules and Scaling
- Log rules are tables or formulas (e.g., Scribner, Doyle, International) that estimate lumber volume (board feet).
- Scaling diameter is the small-end diameter of a log, measured inside the bark.
- Log length is measured in feet, volume in board feet.
Log Rule Formulas
- Formulas exist for various log rules to calculate volume.
- Rules/formulas and associated assumptions are detailed within provided tables.
Log and Log Scale
- Log scale is based on log rule and log length to give the board foot obtained.
- Mill Tally is the measured amount of board feet sawed from a log at a mill.
- Overrun occurs when mill tally is greater than the log scale,
- Underrun occurs when log scale is greater than the mill tally.
Stacked Wood
- Stacked wood includes bolts and sticks, usually less than 8 ft in length, used for firewood.
- The value of stacked wood depends on its solid content.
- Units used for volume measure stacked wood include cords and talaksans.
Veneer
- Veneer is a thin sheet of wood, cut from a log.
- Slicing produces the thinnest veneer.
- Rotary cutting produces thicker veneer.
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
- Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) include biological products other than wood from forests.
- NWFPs are goods of biological origin outside the forest.
- Examples of NTFPs include rattan, bamboo, gums and resins, honey, salago bark, nipa leaves.
Measurement of Non-Timber Forest Products
- Bamboo: Measured by the total number of matured culms and juvenile culms, expressed in kg.
- Rattan: Measured by the number of canes in a clump, expressed in kg
- Erect Palms: Measured by the number of mature palms in a clump, average diameter and height in number for the intended use.
- Gums and resins: Measured by weight, expressed in kilograms (kg).
- Honey: Measured by volume in liters.
- Salago Bark: Measured by weight in kilograms (kg).
- Nipa Leaves: Measured in bundles and shingles.
Tree Diameter
- Diameter is a straight line through the center of a circle and meets opposite ends of the circumference.
- It is measured outside of the bark (ob) and inside of the bark (ib), with the difference being twice the bark thickness.
- Diameter at breast height (dbh) is measured 1.3 meters above ground level.
Tree Height
- Tree height is the vertical distance from the tree base to the tip of the tree.
- The classification of tree heights include total height, bole height, merchantable height and stump height.
Instruments for Measuring Tree Height
- Abney Hand Level: A sighting tube with a graduated arc to measure angles.
- Haga Altimeter: A gravity-controlled instrument with various scales for direct height reading.
- Blume-Leiss Altimeter: Similar to the Haga altimeter.
- Suunto Clinometer: Measures angles and thus, height, by sighting and adjusting.
- Hypsometers: Includes different types (Merritt, Christen, Staff), based on trigonometric principles.
- Rangefinders/Hypsometers: Combine range and height measurements.
- Other instruments like a meter stick, calipers, tree forks, and more are also used.
Tree Form
- Taper: Dimension/diameter change from base to tip of the tree.
- Rate of Taper: Expressed as Form Factor and Form Quotient for estimating volume.
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