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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of splicing factors in RNA splicing?
What is the result of exon skipping in alternative splicing?
What is the purpose of exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs)?
In which stage of RNA splicing do introns get removed?
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What is the primary function of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs)?
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How do cellular signaling pathways influence RNA splicing?
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What percentage of introns are estimated to be recognized by the GU-AG spliceosome?
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Which U-snRNA variant is equivalent to U4?
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What is the consequence of having distinct consensus sequences in the U-snRNA variants?
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Which type of intron is the least frequent?
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What is the role of the U5V variant in the splicing process?
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Study Notes
RNA Splicing
- Definition: Process by which introns (non-coding regions) are removed and exons (coding regions) are joined to form a mature RNA molecule
- Occurs in: Eukaryotic cells, during post-transcriptional modification of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA)
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Two stages:
- Splicing: Intron removal and exon ligation
- Ligation: Formation of a phosphodiester bond between exons
Alternative Splicing
- Definition: Process by which different exons are selectively included or excluded to generate multiple isoforms from a single gene
- Occurs in: 95% of human multi-exon genes
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Types of alternative splicing:
- Exon skipping: Exon is excluded from the mature RNA
- Intron retention: Intron is retained in the mature RNA
- Alternative donor/acceptor sites: Different splice sites are used
- Mutually exclusive exons: One exon is included at the expense of another
- Regulation: Tissue-specific, developmental stage-specific, and signal transduction pathway-dependent
Splicing Factors
- Definition: Proteins that facilitate or regulate splicing
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Types of splicing factors:
- SR proteins: Arginine-serine-rich (SR) proteins, involved in splice site recognition and exon definition
- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs): Involved in exon skipping, intron retention, and alternative splice site selection
- Splicing factor 1 (SF1): Binds to the branch point sequence and facilitates splicing
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Functions:
- Splice site recognition
- Exon definition
- Intron recognition
- Spliceosome assembly
Splicing Regulation
- Definition: Mechanisms that control and modulate splicing
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Regulatory elements:
- Exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs): Sequences that promote exon inclusion
- Exonic splicing silencers (ESSs): Sequences that inhibit exon inclusion
- Intronic splicing enhancers (ISEs): Sequences that promote intron inclusion
- Intronic splicing silencers (ISSs): Sequences that inhibit intron inclusion
- Regulation by splicing factors: Splicing factors can act as activators or repressors of splicing
- Cellular signaling pathways: Can regulate splicing through post-translational modifications of splicing factors
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Description
Test your knowledge of RNA splicing, including the definition, stages, and regulation of this process. Learn about alternative splicing, splicing factors, and their roles in exon definition and intron recognition.
