58 Questions
What is the primary function of microRNAs in regulating gene expression?
To bind to messenger RNA and prevent translation or induce degradation
What is the primary mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi)?
The degradation of specific mRNA molecules triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA
What is the primary role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in regulating gene expression?
To bind to specific RNA sequences or structures, influencing splicing, localization, and stability
What is the primary mechanism of alternative splicing?
The selective inclusion or exclusion of exons during splicing
What is the primary effect of A to I editing on RNA?
It affects RNA splicing, localization, and translation
What is the primary function of the enzyme Dicer in RNA interference (RNAi)?
To process double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNAs
What is the reason behind the surprise caused by the discovery of RNA regulation mechanisms?
The understanding that RNA has a more significant role than just being an intermediate
What is the characteristic of genes for non-coding RNAs with regulatory capacity?
They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II
What is the characteristic of Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)?
They are more than 200 nucleotides
What is the origin of ciRNAs and circRNAs?
They are formed from the circularization of introns and exons
What is the name of the RNA polymerase involved in the transcription of genes for non-coding RNAs with regulatory capacity?
RNA polymerase II
What is the name of the transcripts generated 'by error' by RNA polymerase II?
Trancripts crípticos
What is the primary function of eRNAs in the enhancer region?
To attract transcriptional factors
What is the main characteristic of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs)?
They are non-coding RNAs
What is the role of snRNA 7S in the transcription process?
To act as a scaffold for protein aggregation
What is the primary effect of transcriptional interference on gene expression?
It inhibits the transcription of downstream genes
What is the role of the maquinaria in the transcription process?
To modify chromatin structure
What is the primary mechanism of transcriptional control by CUTs?
By interfering with the transcription of downstream genes
What is the primary function of the PIC in the transcription process?
To clean the promoter of nucleosomes
What is the primary effect of cryptic transcription on gene expression?
It inhibits the transcription of downstream genes
What is the primary function of U-snRNAs in the transcription process?
To participate in the splicing process
What is the primary mechanism of chromatin modification by transcriptional interference?
By inducing DNA methylation
What is the effect of the polymerase entering the 1st TATA box on the transcription of SER3?
It inhibits the transcription of SER3
What is the purpose of the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis?
To sense the abundance of amino acids
What is the result of the polymerase using the alternative transcription start site in the URA2 gene when UTP levels are high?
The transcription of URA2 is blocked
What is the role of the cryptic transcript in the transcriptional attenuation mechanism of the URA2 gene?
It is rapidly degraded to prevent URA2 transcription
Why does the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in the URA2 gene seem counterintuitive at first glance?
Because it appears to waste energy by transcribing a cryptic transcript
What is the purpose of the re-situation of the polymerase to the second transcription start site in the URA2 gene when UTP levels are low?
To allow for the transcription of URA2
What is the consequence of the polymerase transcribing a cryptic transcript in the URA2 gene when UTP levels are high?
The transcription of URA2 is blocked
What is the advantage of the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in the URA2 gene?
It prevents the unnecessary transcription of URA2
What is the significance of the sensing of amino acid abundance in the regulation of transcription?
It allows for the regulation of transcription
What is the purpose of the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in the IMD2 gene?
To regulate the transcription of IMD2
What is the primary mechanism by which RNA regulators act in this specific case?
By blocking the translation of specific mRNAs
What was the expected outcome of generating an RNA antisense artificial in plants?
To generate a duplex mRNA-AS as a way to block translation of specific mRNAs
What was the result of generating an RNA antisense artificial in plants?
A much more pronounced effect than expected
What is the relation between the mechanism of RNA regulators and heterocromatinization?
They are related mechanisms that can generate a pre-transcriptional silencing
What is the common feature of the discoveries made by the two groups of researchers?
They initially seemed to be different but later converged
What is the unique characteristic of the RNA regulators in this specific case?
They act on specific mRNAs
What is the main function of the TSS BCB 12 in the regulation of IMD2?
Regulating the transcription of genes by occupying the transcriptional machinery
What is the primary mechanism of action of lncRNAs?
Repressing the transcription of adjacent genes by cryptic transcription
What is the effect of the transcription of lncRNAs on the chromatin?
It leaves a series of modifications on the chromatin
What is the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of transcription?
They repress the transcription of adjacent genes by occupying the transcriptional machinery
How do lncRNAs act as guides for proteins?
They recognize specific DNA sequences and attract proteins
What is the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of gene expression?
They repress the transcription of adjacent genes by occupying the transcriptional machinery
What is the effect of the transcription of antisense RNA on the chromatin?
It leaves a series of modifications on the chromatin
How do antisense RNAs regulate transcription?
They modify the chromatin and affect the transcription of adjacent genes
What is the role of lncRNAs as scaffolds?
They organize a set of proteins around them and then interact with DNA
How do lncRNAs regulate transcription?
They regulate transcription through different mechanisms, including acting as signals, guides, and scaffolds
What is the main function of Hotair during its transcription?
Attracting a complex repressor that deacetylates histones
What is the main difference between Hotair and Ubx?
Hotair is a repressor, while Ubx is an activator
What is the function of Xist in mammalian females?
To inactivate one of the X chromosomes
What is the main mechanism of Xist in inactivating the X chromosome?
By attracting a complex repressor that deacetylates histones
What is the effect of Xist on the other X chromosome?
It represses the transcription of the other X chromosome
What is the characteristic of the silencing caused by Xist?
It is an epigenetic and heritable silencing
What is the function of Polycomb complex in Hotair-mediated repression?
To deacetylate histones
What is the function of Tritorax complex in Ubx-mediated activation?
To methylate histones
What is the common characteristic of Hotair and Ubx?
Both are involved in chromatin modification
What is the main difference between cis and trans regulation?
Cis regulation affects nearby genes, while trans regulation affects distant genes
Study Notes
Regulación por RNA en eucariotas
MicroRNA (miRNA)
- Small non-coding RNAs (~22 nucleotides) involved in gene regulation
- Synthesized from longer RNA precursors through a process called "microRNA biogenesis"
- MiRNAs bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) and prevent translation or induce degradation
- Regulate gene expression by targeting multiple mRNAs
- Play a crucial role in development, cell differentiation, and disease
RNA Interference (RNAi)
- A natural defense mechanism against viruses and transposons
- Involves the degradation of specific mRNA molecules
- Triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
- Processed by the enzyme Dicer into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
- siRNAs guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to target mRNA for degradation
Regulación De La Expresión Génica
- Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, post-transcription, and translation
- RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression
- RBPs can bind to specific RNA sequences or structures, influencing splicing, localization, and stability
- MicroRNAs, RNAi, and RBPs interact to fine-tune gene expression
Splicing Alternativo
- The process by which a single gene can give rise to multiple mRNA isoforms
- Involves the selective inclusion or exclusion of exons during splicing
- Alternative splicing is regulated by various factors, including:
- Splicing factors (e.g., SR proteins, hnRNPs)
- Regulatory elements (e.g., exonic splicing enhancers/silencers)
- Chromatin modifications
- Plays a crucial role in generating proteome diversity and regulating gene expression
Edición De RNA
- A post-transcriptional modification that alters the nucleotide sequence of RNA
- Catalyzed by enzymes called adenosine deaminases (ADARs)
- Involves the conversion of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA
- A to I editing can affect RNA splicing, localization, and translation
- Plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression, particularly in the nervous system
Learn about the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes through microRNA, RNA interference, RNA-binding proteins, alternative splicing, and RNA editing. Understand how these mechanisms control gene expression, development, and disease.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
