RNA Regulation in Eukaryotes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of microRNAs in regulating gene expression?

To enhance the translation of specific mRNAs
To catalyze the conversion of adenosine to inosine in RNA
To bind to messenger RNA and prevent translation or induce degradation (correct)
To inhibit the activity of RNA-binding proteins

What is the primary mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi)?

The degradation of specific mRNA molecules triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA (correct)
The binding of RNA-binding proteins to specific RNA sequences
The synthesis of microRNAs to target specific mRNAs
The degradation of specific mRNA molecules triggered by the presence of single-stranded RNA

What is the primary role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in regulating gene expression?

To catalyze the conversion of adenosine to inosine in RNA
To inhibit the activity of microRNAs
To enhance the translation of specific mRNAs
To bind to specific RNA sequences or structures, influencing splicing, localization, and stability (correct)

What is the primary mechanism of alternative splicing?

The selective inclusion or exclusion of exons during splicing (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of A to I editing on RNA?

It affects RNA splicing, localization, and translation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enzyme Dicer in RNA interference (RNAi)?

To process double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNAs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason behind the surprise caused by the discovery of RNA regulation mechanisms?

The understanding that RNA has a more significant role than just being an intermediate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of genes for non-coding RNAs with regulatory capacity?

They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)?

They are more than 200 nucleotides (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of ciRNAs and circRNAs?

They are formed from the circularization of introns and exons (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the RNA polymerase involved in the transcription of genes for non-coding RNAs with regulatory capacity?

RNA polymerase II (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the transcripts generated 'by error' by RNA polymerase II?

Trancripts crípticos (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eRNAs in the enhancer region?

To attract transcriptional factors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs)?

They are non-coding RNAs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of snRNA 7S in the transcription process?

To act as a scaffold for protein aggregation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of transcriptional interference on gene expression?

It inhibits the transcription of downstream genes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the maquinaria in the transcription process?

To modify chromatin structure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of transcriptional control by CUTs?

By interfering with the transcription of downstream genes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the PIC in the transcription process?

To clean the promoter of nucleosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cryptic transcription on gene expression?

It inhibits the transcription of downstream genes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of U-snRNAs in the transcription process?

To participate in the splicing process (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of chromatin modification by transcriptional interference?

By inducing DNA methylation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the polymerase entering the 1st TATA box on the transcription of SER3?

It inhibits the transcription of SER3 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis?

To sense the abundance of amino acids (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the polymerase using the alternative transcription start site in the URA2 gene when UTP levels are high?

The transcription of URA2 is blocked (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cryptic transcript in the transcriptional attenuation mechanism of the URA2 gene?

It is rapidly degraded to prevent URA2 transcription (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why does the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in the URA2 gene seem counterintuitive at first glance?

Because it appears to waste energy by transcribing a cryptic transcript (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the re-situation of the polymerase to the second transcription start site in the URA2 gene when UTP levels are low?

To allow for the transcription of URA2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the polymerase transcribing a cryptic transcript in the URA2 gene when UTP levels are high?

The transcription of URA2 is blocked (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in the URA2 gene?

It prevents the unnecessary transcription of URA2 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sensing of amino acid abundance in the regulation of transcription?

It allows for the regulation of transcription (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the transcriptional attenuation mechanism in the IMD2 gene?

To regulate the transcription of IMD2 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which RNA regulators act in this specific case?

By blocking the translation of specific mRNAs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the expected outcome of generating an RNA antisense artificial in plants?

To generate a duplex mRNA-AS as a way to block translation of specific mRNAs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of generating an RNA antisense artificial in plants?

A much more pronounced effect than expected (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between the mechanism of RNA regulators and heterocromatinization?

They are related mechanisms that can generate a pre-transcriptional silencing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of the discoveries made by the two groups of researchers?

They initially seemed to be different but later converged (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of the RNA regulators in this specific case?

They act on specific mRNAs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the TSS BCB 12 in the regulation of IMD2?

Regulating the transcription of genes by occupying the transcriptional machinery (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of lncRNAs?

Repressing the transcription of adjacent genes by cryptic transcription (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the transcription of lncRNAs on the chromatin?

It leaves a series of modifications on the chromatin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of transcription?

They repress the transcription of adjacent genes by occupying the transcriptional machinery (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do lncRNAs act as guides for proteins?

They recognize specific DNA sequences and attract proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of gene expression?

They repress the transcription of adjacent genes by occupying the transcriptional machinery (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the transcription of antisense RNA on the chromatin?

It leaves a series of modifications on the chromatin (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do antisense RNAs regulate transcription?

They modify the chromatin and affect the transcription of adjacent genes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lncRNAs as scaffolds?

They organize a set of proteins around them and then interact with DNA (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do lncRNAs regulate transcription?

They regulate transcription through different mechanisms, including acting as signals, guides, and scaffolds (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Hotair during its transcription?

Attracting a complex repressor that deacetylates histones (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Hotair and Ubx?

Hotair is a repressor, while Ubx is an activator (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Xist in mammalian females?

To inactivate one of the X chromosomes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of Xist in inactivating the X chromosome?

By attracting a complex repressor that deacetylates histones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Xist on the other X chromosome?

It represses the transcription of the other X chromosome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the silencing caused by Xist?

It is an epigenetic and heritable silencing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Polycomb complex in Hotair-mediated repression?

To deacetylate histones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Tritorax complex in Ubx-mediated activation?

To methylate histones (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of Hotair and Ubx?

Both are involved in chromatin modification (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cis and trans regulation?

Cis regulation affects nearby genes, while trans regulation affects distant genes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Regulación por RNA en eucariotas

MicroRNA (miRNA)

Small non-coding RNAs (~22 nucleotides) involved in gene regulation
Synthesized from longer RNA precursors through a process called "microRNA biogenesis"
MiRNAs bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) and prevent translation or induce degradation
Regulate gene expression by targeting multiple mRNAs
Play a crucial role in development, cell differentiation, and disease

RNA Interference (RNAi)

A natural defense mechanism against viruses and transposons
Involves the degradation of specific mRNA molecules
Triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
Processed by the enzyme Dicer into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
siRNAs guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to target mRNA for degradation

Regulación De La Expresión Génica

Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, post-transcription, and translation
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression
RBPs can bind to specific RNA sequences or structures, influencing splicing, localization, and stability
MicroRNAs, RNAi, and RBPs interact to fine-tune gene expression

Splicing Alternativo

The process by which a single gene can give rise to multiple mRNA isoforms
Involves the selective inclusion or exclusion of exons during splicing
Alternative splicing is regulated by various factors, including:
- Splicing factors (e.g., SR proteins, hnRNPs)
- Regulatory elements (e.g., exonic splicing enhancers/silencers)
- Chromatin modifications
Plays a crucial role in generating proteome diversity and regulating gene expression

Edición De RNA

A post-transcriptional modification that alters the nucleotide sequence of RNA
Catalyzed by enzymes called adenosine deaminases (ADARs)
Involves the conversion of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA
A to I editing can affect RNA splicing, localization, and translation
Plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression, particularly in the nervous system

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Description

Learn about the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes through microRNA, RNA interference, RNA-binding proteins, alternative splicing, and RNA editing. Understand how these mechanisms control gene expression, development, and disease.