RNA and Protein Synthesis

Each nucleotide is made up of a 5-carbon ______, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

RNA is generally ______-stranded.

RNA contains ______ in place of thymine.

The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ______ RNA, and transfer RNA.

The RNA molecules that carry copies of these instructions are known as ______ RNA (mRNA).

Proteins are assembled on ______, shown in Figure 12-13.

The central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from the transcription of ______________ in the nucleus.

The first step in decoding genetic messages is to copy part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into ______________.

RNA molecules contain coded information for making ______________.

______________ RNA is a type of RNA that contains coded information for making proteins.

The process of copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA is called ______________.

The sequence of amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA is predicted by applying the ______________ coding rules.

Ribosomes are made up of several dozen ______, as well as a form of RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

During the construction of a protein, a third type of RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the ______ as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA.

Transcription requires an enzyme known as ______ polymerase that is similar to DNA polymerase.

[Blank] polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription.

The enzyme will bind only to regions of DNA known as ______, which have specific base sequences.

Transcription requires a process called ______, which involves copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.

Data from more than 73,000 electron micrographs, taken at ultra-cold temperatures to preserve ______ structure, were analyzed to produce the model.

During transcription, RNA polymerase uses one strand of ______ as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA.

Many RNA molecules have sections, called ______, edited out of them before they become functional.

The remaining pieces, called ______, are spliced together.

Then, a ______ and tail are added to form the final RNA molecule.

The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called ______ because they are 'expressed' in the synthesis of proteins.

Some RNA molecules may be cut and spliced in different ways in different ______, making it possible for a single gene to produce several different forms of RNA.

The properties of ______ are determined by the order in which different amino acids are joined together to produce polypeptides.

The genetic code is read ______ letters at a time, so that each 'word' of the coded message is three bases long.

Each three-letter 'word' in mRNA is known as a ______, as shown in Figure 12-16.

The 'language' of mRNA instructions is called the ______ code.

RNA contains four different bases: A, U, C, and ______.