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Questions and Answers

Which type of molecule is likely to dissolve easily in water?

  • Polar molecules (correct)
  • Ionic compounds
  • Non-polar molecules
  • Amphipathic molecules

What is the main feature of amphipathic molecules?

  • They can form hydrogen bonds only with themselves.
  • They are completely non-polar.
  • They contain both polar and non-polar groups. (correct)
  • They repel water completely.

Why can non-polar molecules not dissolve in water?

  • They form strong ionic bonds.
  • They cannot form hydrogen bonds with water. (correct)
  • They are repelled by polar molecules.
  • They react vigorously with water.

What type of bonds are hydrogen bonds classified as?

<p>Non-covalent bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a hydrogen atom be involved in for hydrogen bonding to occur?

<p>A polar covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond exists between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule?

<p>Polar covalent bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle in a water molecule?

<p>104.5 degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What charge does the oxygen atom in a water molecule carry?

<p>Partial negative charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen bonds can one water molecule form with neighboring water molecules?

<p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does ice melt into water?

<p>0 degrees Celsius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hydrogen bonds in water as temperature increases?

<p>They begin to break (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water referred to as the universal solvent?

<p>Its dipolar structure allows it to interact with various solutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do water molecules interact with water-soluble ionic compounds like NaCl?

<p>They create hydration shells around ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of biochemistry?

<p>Understanding how chemical structures contribute to biological processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the stability of a chemical compound?

<p>The strength of the bonds between its constituents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes covalent bonds?

<p>They involve the sharing of electrons between atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes bonds where electrons are shared unequally?

<p>Polar covalent bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of polar molecules like water?

<p>They have regions of partial positive and negative charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the energy required to break covalent bonds?

<p>Considerable energy must be expended to break them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of covalent bond involves the sharing of three pairs of electrons?

<p>Triple bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines non-covalent bonds?

<p>They arise from electrostatic interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives nonpolar molecules together in an aqueous environment?

<p>Strong hydrogen bonding among water molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of molecules approaching each other beyond the Van der Waals distance?

<p>Development of repulsive forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in cells relies on hydrophobic interactions?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do transient dipoles play in molecular interactions?

<p>They induce complementary asymmetry in nearby atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nonpolar molecules in relation to water?

<p>They tend to cluster together in water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to water's biological importance?

<p>Unique molecular structure that supports life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which atom in a water molecule has a stronger attraction for electrons?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a non-polar covalent bond?

<p>Electrons are equally shared between atoms of the same electronegativity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs where both electrons come from one atom?

<p>Coordinate covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-covalent bonds?

<p>They are stronger than covalent bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is essential for hydrogen bonding to occur?

<p>A hydrogen atom must be bonded to an electronegative atom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains the attraction between temporary dipoles in Van der Waals forces?

<p>Transient electrostatic interactions due to fluctuating electron distributions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an ionic bond?

<p>Attraction between NH3+ and COO- ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contribution of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?

<p>They bond the nitrogenous bases across strands, stabilizing the double helix. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct description of the hydrogen donor and acceptor in hydrogen bonds?

<p>The donor is the electronegative atom where hydrogen is attached. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biochemistry

The study of the chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

Chemical Bonds

Forces that hold atoms/molecules/ions together in compounds.

Covalent Bonds

Strong bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal sharing of electrons due to difference in electronegativity.

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Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.

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Electronegativity

An atom's ability to attract electrons to itself in a chemical bond.

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Single Covalent Bond

A covalent bond involving the sharing of one pair of electrons.

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Non-Covalent Bonds

Weaker bonds formed by various interactions (not sharing of electrons).

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Non-polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms with similar electronegativity.

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Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.

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Ionic Bond

Strong bonds formed by electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions (atoms).

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Van der Waals Forces

Weak transient electrostatic interactions due to fluctuating electron distributions around atoms.

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Coordinate Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where both shared electrons originate from the same atom.

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Water molecules and Hydrogen Bonds

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and other molecules due to the polarity of water.

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Non-Covalent Bond Strength

Non-covalent bonds are significantly weaker than covalent bonds.

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Types of Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds can be classified as single, double, or triple based on the number of electron pairs shared.

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Hydrophobic Interactions

The tendency of nonpolar molecules to cluster together in water.

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Van der Waals distance

The distance at which the attraction between molecules is strongest.

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Transient dipole

Temporary asymmetry in electron distribution around an atom.

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Dipole-dipole interaction

Attraction between temporary dipoles in molecules.

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Water's unique properties

Properties of water essential for life and making up 70% of human bodies.

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Molecular Structure of Water

Two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom by covalent bonds.

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Hydro-phobes

Nonpolar molecules, often with long carbon chains.

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Water's role in protein folding

Water can drive hydrophobic molecules together to influence protein shapes.

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Polar molecule solubility in water

Polar molecules readily dissolve in water due to water's ability to form hydrogen bonds with them.

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Amphipathic molecule behavior

Amphipathic molecules, like soap, have both polar and non-polar parts. The polar parts interact with water, while non-polar parts cluster together.

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Non-polar molecule solubility in water

Non-polar molecules are not soluble in water because they cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

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Hydrogen bond type

Hydrogen bonds are a type of non-covalent bond.

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Condition for hydrogen bond formation

A hydrogen atom must be involved in a polar covalent bond with a highly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, for hydrogen bonding to occur.

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Water's Polarity

Water molecules have an unequal sharing of electrons, creating a positive end (hydrogen) and a negative end (oxygen).

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Hydrogen Bond

An attraction between the positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the negative oxygen of another.

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Water's Thermal Properties

Water's unusual ability to stay liquid over a wide temperature range due to hydrogen bonds.

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Water as a Solvent

Water dissolves many substances because of its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds.

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Ice Melting Point

The temperature at which ice transitions to liquid water.

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Water's Boiling Point

The temperature at which water transitions to water vapor.

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Solvation Sphere

The arrangement of water molecules around an ion in a solution.

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Water's Bent Geometry

The shape of a water molecule, with a bond angle of approximately 104.5 degrees.

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