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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a class and an object?

A class is like a blueprint that defines the structure and behavior of an object, while an object is an instance of a class, a concrete realization of the blueprint.

What are the key components of object-oriented programming terminology?

  • Attributes and Methods
  • Classes and Objects
  • Encapsulation and Inheritance
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which access specifier allows members of a class to be accessed by functions outside of the class?

  • Private
  • Protected
  • Public (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What is the purpose of access specifiers in object-oriented programming?

    <p>Access specifiers control the visibility and accessibility of class members, helping to ensure data integrity and proper code organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The private access specifier restricts access to class members to only those within the same class.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the const keyword after the parentheses in a member function declaration?

    <p>The <code>const</code> keyword signifies that the member function will not modify any data members of the object it is called upon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A constructor is a special member function that is automatically called when a class is defined.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a constructor in object-oriented programming?

    <p>Constructors are responsible for initializing the state of an object when it is created. They ensure that new objects start with appropriate values for their data members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A class can have multiple constructors, but they must have different parameter lists.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a destructor in object-oriented programming?

    <p>A destructor is called automatically when an object is destroyed or goes out of scope. Its primary responsibility is to deallocate any dynamically allocated memory associated with the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Destructors can be overloaded, allowing different behaviors based on the object being destroyed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an initializer list when defining an array of objects?

    <p>An initializer list provides initial values for the objects within an array. It allows you to create an array of objects with specific initial states for each element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inheritance allows a class to inherit the properties and methods of a parent class, creating a hierarchical relationship.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core principle behind encapsulation in object-oriented programming?

    <p>Encapsulation involves bundling data members and the functions that operate on them within a class, preventing direct access to data from outside the class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The private access specifier helps enforce encapsulation by granting access to data members only through member functions of the same class.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of abstraction in object-oriented programming with an example.

    <p>Abstraction involves simplifying complex systems by exposing only essential features while hiding the implementation details. For example, a car's steering wheel provides an abstract interface for controlling the car's direction, without requiring the user to understand the underlying mechanisms of power steering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A class can be declared as abstract by having at least one pure virtual function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of polymorphism in object-oriented programming?

    <p>Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to respond to the same function call in their own specific ways, enabling flexibility and dynamic behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a real-world analogy for polymorphism, and explain how it relates to object-oriented programming.

    <p>A real-world analogy for polymorphism could be the concept of a 'shape' object. Different shapes, such as squares, circles, or triangles, might share a common <code>getArea()</code> method, but their implementations would differ based on their unique geometric properties. In OOP, this would be achieved by defining a base <code>Shape</code> class with a virtual <code>getArea()</code> method, and then deriving specific shape classes that override <code>getArea()</code> to provide their respective calculations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymorphism implies that a single function can be used with objects of different classes, even if they are not related through inheritance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of object-oriented programming (OOP) in software development?

    <p>OOP promotes code reusability, maintainability, and extensibility, making software development more efficient, flexible, and adaptable to changing requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do object-oriented programming concepts like encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism contribute to building maintainable and robust software systems?

    <p>Encapsulation protects internal data, abstraction hides complexity, and polymorphism allows for dynamic behavior. Together, they foster modularity, flexibility, and code reuse, making software maintenance and expansion easier and more reliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Structures and Algorithms - ECE251 Tutorial 5

    • Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) was presented in this tutorial.
    • Classes and Objects: A class acts as a blueprint for objects. Objects are instances of a class, like houses built from a blueprint.
    • Object-Oriented Programming Terminology:
      • Attributes: Members of a class.
      • Methods or Behaviors: Member functions of a class.
    • Access Specifiers: Control access to class members.
      • Public: Accessible from outside the class.
      • Private: Can only be accessed by members of the class.
      • Protected: Accessible by members of the class and derived classes.
    • Class Example (Rectangle):
      • Private members (width, length) are internal to the class.
      • Public members (setWidth, setLength, getWidth, getLength, getArea) are accessible from outside.
    • Defining an Instance of a Class: A class instance is an object.
      • Allocate via structure variables (e.g., Rectangle r;).
      • Functions are accessed using dot operator (e.g., r.setWidth(5.2);).
      • Accessing private members through the dot operator results in a compiler error.
    • Defining Member Functions:
      • Member function protoype is declared within the class.
      • Functions are defined outside the class using the scope resolution operator (::).
    • Using const with Member Functions: The const keyword, used with member functions, indicates that the function will not modify the object's data.
    • Example program (Program 13-1):
      • Demonstrates a Rectangle class.
      • Shows getting user input for rectangle dimensions.
      • Calculates and displays the rectangle's area.
    • Avoiding Stale Data: It's crucial to calculate derived data (like area) within methods rather than storing it in a variable to avoid stale (incorrect) data if other aspects of the object change.
    • Constructors: A special method automatically called when creating an object.
      • Constructor name is the class name.
      • Has no return type.
      • If no custom constructor is specified, a default constructor is automatically provided by the compiler.
      • Demonstrated with example code.
    • Passing Arguments to Constructors:
      • Takes parameters in the prototype.
      • Arguments are passed to the constructor when the object is created.
    • Overloading Constructors: A class can have multiple constructors with different parameter lists.
    • Dynamically Allocating an Object:
      • Allocating objects using new dynamically in memory.
      • Importance of delete to free memory.
    • Destructors: A special method automatically called when the object is destroyed.
      • Has no return type.
      • Release dynamically created memory.
    • Arrays of Objects: Creating arrays of objects.
      • Initializing using a constructor with arguments.
    • Accessing Objects in Arrays:
      • Using subscripts for object access.
      • Call methods using dot notation.

    Inheritance

    • Inheritance: A class inherits properties and methods from another class, similar to a child inheriting traits from a parent.

    Encapsulation

    • Encapsulation: The mechanism to hide internal object state.
    • Public methods are used to interact with the object.
    • Examples of object interaction using the setData (setter) and getData (getter) methods.

    Abstraction

    • Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details while providing a simplified interface.
    • A real-world example is a TV remote that allows interactions with a TV without showing how it works internally.

    Polymorphism

    • Polymorphism: The ability of an object to take on many forms.
    • Methods with the same name can behave differently depending on the object.
    • Illustrated with example code demonstrating the sound() method in different animal classes.

    Question

    • Problem Statement: Develop a program in OOP to track employee names, birth years, and years of experience and determine their age.

    • Solution:

      • Create an Employee class with attributes for name, birth year, and experience.
      • A constructor initialized these attributes.
      • Class method to calculate the age using the birth year.
      • Display the details in a main method.

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