Questions and Answers
Who founded Postum Cereal Co.?
What was the Palmer House Hotel known for?
Its oversized rooms, luxurious decor, and being the world's only fireproof hotel.
John L. Sullivan was the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing.
True
What theatrical genre was prominent in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s?
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When did Coney Island begin to attract holidaymakers?
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Who is known as 'The King of Ragtime'?
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What characterized the 'new woman' of the 1920s?
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What literary work is commonly considered one of the Great American Novels?
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What is 'Sister Carrie' about?
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What does 'The Theory of the Leisure Class' critique?
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Naturalist writers were influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
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What philosophy is Frank Lloyd Wright known for?
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What does WCTU stand for?
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What did the Gibson Girls represent?
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What are the Great Awakenings?
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What ideology did the Greenback Party represent?
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What was the main focus of the farmers' alliance movement?
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The Civil Rights cases allowed Congress to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals.
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What landmark case established the 'separate but equal' doctrine?
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What was Coxey's Army?
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Who was Mark Hanna?
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Yellow journalism refers to unethical journalism practices.
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What were the Copperheads known for?
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Who was Thaddeus Stevens?
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What did the Wade-Davis Bill require for former Confederate states?
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What were the Black Codes intended to do?
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What was the primary role of the Freedmen's Bureau?
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What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 intended to protect?
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What was a key feature of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
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What was the purpose of the Enforcement Acts?
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Sharecropping was a system that primarily benefited former slaves.
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What triggered the Panic of 1873?
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What did the Slaughterhouse cases interpret?
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What did the Compromise of 1877 result in?
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The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed to promote monopolies.
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What was the main aim of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
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What are 'yellow-dog' contracts?
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What does 'Progress and Poverty' seek to explain?
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Who is the author of 'Looking Backward'?
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What is 'Das Kapital' about?
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What does Social Darwinism refer to?
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What are dumbbell tenements?
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Who was 'Big Jim' Pendergast?
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What was Tammany Hall known for?
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Who is considered the 'Father of the American Cartoon'?
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What did Anthony Comstock advocate for?
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Who is known as the father of American landscape architecture?
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What is Louis Sullivan known for?
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What significant contributions did Richard Morris Hunt make?
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What is the city-beautiful movement?
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Study Notes
Copperheads
- A faction of Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sought immediate peace with the Confederacy.
- Label "Copperheads" intended to be derogatory, likening anti-war Democrats to a venomous snake.
- Peace Democrats embraced the label, symbolizing Liberty with copper "head" badges made from pennies.
Thaddeus Stevens
- Prominent Republican leader and influential member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
- Served as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, crafting financial legislation for the Civil War.
- Key figure among Radical Republicans, advocating for racial justice and public education during Reconstruction.
Wade-Davis Bill
- Proposed in 1864 for Southern Reconstruction by Senators Wade and Davis.
- Required a majority of Southern voters to take an Ironclad oath against supporting the Confederacy for readmission.
- Pocket vetoed by Lincoln; Radical Republicans were outraged by his refusal to sign.
Black Codes
- Laws enacted post-Civil War in Southern states to restrict the rights of newly freed African Americans.
- Aimed to control labor and activities of freedmen, maintaining oppressive structures despite constitutional change.
Freedmen's Bureau
- Established to provide emergency food, housing, and medical aid to war refugees and assist freedmen in adjusting to freedom.
- Engaged in overseeing labor contracts and handling legal issues but faced significant opposition from former Confederates.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
- Federal law intended to protect civil rights of African Americans after the Civil War.
- Passed Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, marking a significant legislative effort during Reconstruction.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
- Series of four statutes necessary for former Confederate states' readmission to the Union.
- Required new state constitutions, ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, and extension of voting rights to black men.
Enforcement Acts
- Four acts passed between 1870-1871 to protect African Americans' rights post-Fourteenth Amendment ratification.
- Included provisions for federal oversight in Southern elections and made violence against freedmen a federal crime.
Sharecropping System
- Developed post-emancipation as a response to economic distress in the South.
- Functioned as a method of maintaining the socio-economic structure between black and white populations, often disadvantaging African Americans.
Panic of 1873
- Triggered a severe economic depression that lasted until 1879, known as the Long Depression.
- Resulted from falling demand for silver following Germany's shift from the silver standard, impacting international economies.
Slaughterhouse Cases
- First Supreme Court interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, establishing limits on federal protection of citizenship rights.
- Emphasized protection of privileges tied to federal citizenship as opposed to state citizenship.
Compromise of 1877
- Unwritten agreement settling the disputed 1876 Presidential election, resulting in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.
- Enabled the installation of Rutherford B. Hayes as President, leading to the end of Radical Reconstruction.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- First federal law addressing antitrust issues, aimed at regulating monopolies and trusts.
- Initially underutilized, its enforcement increased significantly during Theodore Roosevelt's administration.
U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company
- Supreme Court case known as the "Sugar Trust Case," limiting government authority over monopolies.
- First case addressing the Sherman Antitrust Act, ruling that manufacturing did not constitute interstate commerce.
Chinese Exclusion Act
- Federal law banning Chinese immigration, enacted in 1882 and released by the Magnuson Act in 1943.
- Motivated by racial prejudice and economic concerns, it was the first significant law restricting immigration based on nationality.
"Yellow-Dog" Contracts
- Agreements prohibiting employees from joining labor unions, often enforced by employers to suppress union activities.
- Outlawed in 1932 under the Norris-LaGuardia Act, marking a significant victory for labor rights.
Progress and Poverty
- Explores the coexistence of technological advancement and persistent poverty, arguing that land speculation exacerbates economic inequality.
- Suggests that rising land values reduce wages for labor, leading to economic downturns.
Looking Backward
- Utopian novel by Edward Bellamy, published in 1887, envisioning a future where society emphasizes equality and cooperation.
- Received significant acclaim for its social critique and vision of an ideal society.
Das Kapital
- Comprehensive work by Karl Marx analyzing capitalism as a political economy, aiming to expose capitalist exploitation.
- Integral to Marxist theory, it critiques the inequalities produced by capitalist production systems.
Social Darwinism
- Social theory applying Darwinian principles of evolution to society, often used to justify inequality and eugenics.
- Associated with laissez-faire capitalism and discriminatory policies against marginalized groups.
Dumbbell Tenements
- Designed in New York City following the Tenement House Act of 1879, characterized by their air shaft design for ventilation.
- Accommodated the influx of immigrants, particularly in Manhattan’s Lower East Side, though often criticized for poor living conditions.
"Big Jim" Pendergast
- Influential Kansas City Democratic politician and boss known for political machine politics.
- Played a significant role in local governance and political patronage, shaping the city's Democratic establishment.
Tammany Hall
- Renowned New York Democratic political machine founded in 1786, instrumental in immigrant political rise.
- Dominated local politics until weakened by reforms in the mid-20th century.
Thomas Nast
- Renowned cartoonist and "Father of the American Cartoon," noted for his critiques of Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed.
- Credited with popularizing significant national symbols, including Uncle Sam and political party animals.
Anthony Comstock
- Civil War veteran turned activist known for his role in promoting moral legislation concerning obscenity and vice.
- Played a crucial part in the Comstock laws, which aimed to regulate morality and sexuality in American society.
Frederick Law Olmsted
- Recognized as the father of American landscape architecture; co-designed notable urban parks like Central Park.
- Advocated for public green spaces to promote public welfare and enhance urban living.
Louis Sullivan
- A pioneering architect known as the "father of skyscrapers" and modernism, influential in developing the Chicago School style.
- Mentored Frank Lloyd Wright and significantly contributed to urban architecture.
Richard Morris Hunt
- Renowned 19th-century architect and co-founder of the American Institute of Architects.
- Designed iconic structures, including the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
City-Beautiful Movement
- Urban planning philosophy from the late 19th-century focused on beautifying cities to enhance civic virtue and social order.
- Advocated for monumental architecture and greenspace as essential components of urban environments.
Charles Post
- Founder of Postum Cereal Co. and creator of Grape Nuts cereal, vital in the breakfast food industry.
- Developed various breakfast cereals, establishing a significant market presence from the late 19th century onwards.
Palmer House
- A luxurious hotel known for its opulence and fireproof construction, popular among notable figures in the late 19th century.
- Completed in 1875 and featured grand amenities, highlighting the era's architectural advancements.
John L. Sullivan
- First heavyweight champion of gloved boxing and a national sports icon in America.
- Transitional figure in sports history, achieving unprecedented fame and fortune in the boxing profession.
Vaudeville
- A theatrical variety entertainment genre popular in North America from the 1880s to the 1930s.
- Comprised multiple unrelated acts, showcasing diverse talents and attractions for audiences of the era.### Vaudeville
- Featured a diverse array of performances including musicians, dancers, comedians, trained animals, magicians, impersonators, acrobats, jugglers, and one-act plays.
- Developed from various entertainment sources such as concert saloons, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary burlesque.
- Regarded as "the heart of American show business," vaudeville was immensely popular in North America for several decades.
Coney Island
- Initially attracted holidaymakers in the 1830s and 1840s due to improved travel methods, reducing journey time from Manhattan to two hours.
- Early hotels included Coney Island Hotel (1829), Brighton Hotel, Manhattan Beach Hotel, and Oriental Hotel, each evolving in elegance.
- Gained prominence as a resort destination post-Civil War, aided by excursion railroads and streetcar lines reaching the area in the 1860s.
Scott Joplin
- Renowned American composer and pianist known as "The King of Ragtime."
- Composed 44 original ragtime pieces, a ragtime ballet, and two operas during his brief career.
- "Maple Leaf Rag" emerged as his most influential hit and a classic representation of ragtime music.
The "New Woman"
- Refers to a generational shift between the 1920s women and their predecessors regarding career and family aspirations.
- Earlier beliefs suggested women couldn't balance career and family, but the mentality changed as women increasingly sought both.
- The "new" woman was competitive and focused on personal fulfillment, contrasting with earlier Progressive generations.
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
- A seminal novel by Mark Twain, published in 1884 (England) and 1885 (USA), considered a Great American Novel.
- Noteworthy for its use of vernacular and regionalism, providing a realistic portrayal of American life.
- Narrated by Huckleberry "Huck" Finn, who is a companion of Tom Sawyer and the protagonist of his own adventures.
Sister Carrie
- Novel by Theodore Dreiser depicting a young woman's journey to fulfill her American Dream in the urban setting.
- Chronicles her experiences as a mistress to socially superior men and later as a successful actress.
- Often acclaimed as one of the greatest American urban novels.
Theory of the Leisure Class
- Published in 1899 by economist Thorstein Veblen, critiquing consumerism and the socio-economic structures of the time.
- Discusses the implications of leisure and class structures on society.
- Aimed at readers familiar with literary and economic discourse, establishing it as a foundational social critique.
Naturalist Writers
- Literary movement (1880s to 1940s) emphasizing detailed realism influenced by social conditions and environment on human character.
- Sought to portray a believable everyday reality, differing from Romanticism and Surrealism.
- Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, shaping the narratives of human experiences.
Frank Lloyd Wright
- Prominent American architect and educator known for over 1,000 structures, with 500 completed works.
- Advocated for organic architecture, merging designs harmoniously with the environment.
- Known for iconic structures like Fallingwater, considered a pinnacle of American architectural design.
WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)
- First mass organization among women focused on social reform, founded in 1873 in Hillsboro, Ohio.
- Aimed to link religious principles with secular reform strategies, including suffrage and missionary work.
- Hosted the formation of the International Women's Christian Temperance Union within two years of its inception.
Gibson Girls
- Embodiment of feminine ideals illustrated by Charles Dana Gibson from the late 19th to early 20th century.
- Represents a national standard of beauty; products featuring her image became widely popular.
- Seen as a symbol for American women, capturing the essence of thousands of girls across the nation.
The Awakening
- Refers to multiple waves of religious revivalism in the U.S. from the early 18th to late 19th centuries.
- Characterized by evangelical Protestant urgency, increased church memberships, and the emergence of new denominations.
- Each "Great Awakening" sought to rekindle spiritual fervor and broaden religious participation.
Greenback Party
- Active political party (1874-1884) opposing the return to a gold standard, promoting the use of paper money or "greenbacks."
- Championed the rights of farmers and workers during economic downturns, advocating for government control of currency.
- Emerged primarily from farmer dissatisfaction post-Panic of 1873, marking a pivotal shift in political activism.
Farmers' Alliance Movement
- Agrarian economic movement flourishing in the 1880s aimed at improving farmers' financial conditions.
- Originated in 1876, promoting collective action to raise commodity prices and combat detrimental crop-lien systems.
- Seen as a precursor to the Populist Party, which evolved from the movement's ideas and struggles.
Civil Rights Cases (Reconstruction Period)
- A consolidation of five cases reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court regarding racial discrimination.
- Court ruled that Congress could not use the Fourteenth Amendment to eliminate discrimination by private entities.
- Landmark decision affecting civil rights enforcement during the Reconstruction era.
Plessy v. Ferguson
- Landmark Supreme Court decision upholding state laws mandating racial segregation in private establishments.
- Established the "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimizing racial discrimination and segregation.
- Solidified legal support for segregation laws in the United States for decades.
Coxey's Army
- Protest march led by Jacob Coxey in 1894, aiming to advocate for unemployed workers during a severe economic depression.
- Called the Army of the Commonweal in Christ, marking the first significant protest march on Washington, D.C.
- Popularized the phrase "Enough food to feed Coxey's Army," symbolizing the plight of the unemployed.
Mark Hanna
- United States Senator from Ohio and key political manager for President William McKinley.
- Made substantial wealth in business, leveraging resources for successful McKinley campaigns in 1896 and 1900.
- Instrumental in shaping the political landscape and the Republican Party’s strategies during his tenure.
Yellow Journalism
- Type of journalism characterized by sensationalism and lack of comprehensive news research.
- Utilizes eye-catching headlines and exaggerated stories to attract readers and increase newspaper sales.
- Today, considered a derogatory term for unprofessional or unethical journalism practices.
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