Rizal's Time: 19th Century Philippines

19th Century Philippines as Rizal's Milieu

• This chapter aims to discuss the political, socio-cultural, economic, and educational systems during Rizal's time.
• Also it intends to explain how understanding 19th-century Philippine conditions can help appreciate Rizal's heroism.

Political Development in the Philippines

• The Philippines became a colony of Spain in 1565.
• From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was administered by Spain, after which it was directly ruled from Madrid.
• The Consejo de Indias served as the legislative body for the colonies, guiding their general administration.
• Royal decrees governing the Philippines were issued by the King and other officials through the Ministry of Colonies (Ministro de Ultra Mar) in Madrid.
• The Spanish monarch managed colonial affairs through a centralized government in Manila, exercising executive, legislative, and religious power.
• The governor-general was the highest Spanish leader in the colonies, appointed by the Spanish King.
• The governor-general headed the central administration as the King's representative.
• The governor-general was a Vice-royal patron over religious matters.
• The governor-general had extensive powers as head of state and the church.
• The governor-general issued executive orders and proclamations.
• The governor-general acted also as commander-in-chief of the military.
• The governor-general exercised legislative powers through his Cumplase, allowing him to decide on implementing/disregarding laws/royal decrees.
• The governor-general assigned taxes.
• The governor-general was the head of the military and the Royal Audiencia.
• The governor-general could pardon prisoners and decide on various issues in the country.
• The governor-general could nominate priests and control mission finances.
• Next to the central government was the provincial government or Alcaldias, run by civil governors.
• The city government, called cabildo or ayuntamiento, was administered by a mayor and vice-mayor, who were chief executives and judicial magistrates.
• These positions were occupied by Spaniards.
• A local government unit composed of barangays, was headed by the gobernadorcillo (later called capitan).
• The barangay/barrio was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who collected taxes/tributes from resident families.

Political Situation in Spain

• In 1800, Spain was politically unstable due to leaders rising and falling from conflict between Liberals & Conservatives.
• Frequent changes in the Spanish monarchy during Rizal's lifetime led to periodic changes of colonial officials.
• Frequent changes of the governor-general in the Philippines led to failing implementation of needed reforms.
• From 1834 to 1862, Spain adopted 4 constitutions.
• Elected 28 parliaments occurred.
• No less than 59 ministers were installed.
• From 1835-1897 the Philippines was ruled by 50 governor-generals.

Consequences of Political Policy in the Colony

• Excessive powers and privileges of the governor-general made him weak and undisciplined.
• The governor-general used his prerogatives to reward favorites/relatives and penalize those who displeased him.
• The governor-general lacked moral strength and often filled government positions through the highest bidder.
• The provincial government (alcalde-mayor) was the most corrupt branch.
• The alcalde-mayor acted as administrator, judge, and military commander.
• The provincial government bought people's rice at low prices and sold it back at high prices, pocketing excess collections.
• Colonial officials (governor-general, judges, provincial executives, etc.) sent by Spain in the 19th century were highly corrupt, incompetent, and cruel.
• The corrupt officials symbolized the decadent Spain of the 19th century.
• Examples of corrupt officials: General Rafael de Izquierdo, Admiral Jose Malcampo, General Fernando Primo de Rivera, General Valeriano Weyler, General Camilo de P. Olavieja.
• Political instability in Spain caused frequent changes in colonial policies and officials.
• From 1849 to 1889, the Philippines was ruled by 45 governor-generals, each serving an average term of approximately one year and three months.
• From December 1853 to November 1854, there were 4 governor-generals.
• Frequent change of colonial officials hampered the political and economic development of the Philippines.
• One of Rizal's political reforms was Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes to protect Filipino interests and improve conditions.
• Lack of Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and political reforms contributed to Filipinos rebelling against Spanish rule.

Socio-Cultural Situation

• Spaniards brought the Doctrine of Limpieza de Sangre (Purity of Blood) to the Philippines, creating a social ranking that created tensions and irrational discrimination.
• Social stratification in the Philippines was pyramidal, with the peninsulares at the apex and the indios (natives) at the base.
• Peninsulares were Spaniards born in Spain who settled in the Philippines - they lived in Intramuros and enjoyed all privileges.
• Insulares were Spaniards born in the Philippines, were the second class, and enjoyed luxuries to a lesser extent.
• Creoles were people of mixed Spanish and native ancestry (Spanish mestizos).
• Rizal, GOMBURZA, and other Filipino reformers belonged to the creole group.
• Under the creoles were illustrados, well-educated Filipinos who could afford to have education.
• Principalia (land owners) were also under the creoles.
• The town ruling class was composed of gobernadorcillos and cabeza de barangay, belonging to the principalia group.
• Indios referred to the lowest class were the poor natives.

Social Consequences of the Doctrine Limpieza de Sangre

• A Spaniard or mestizo always enjoyed political and social prestige.
• Spaniards were considered superior and natives were considered inferior.
• The white-skinned were mestizos (Spaniards) while the brown-skinned were natives (indios).
• Indios were portrayed as having low mental ability and only fit to work in the fields.
• Rizal experienced racial discrimination in a literary contest where he won but a Spaniard was given the first prize.
• The natives were regarded as inferior beings with no ability to do anything intelligible.
• Spanish laws in the Philippines were interpreted to benefit the mestizos (Spaniards).
• The law was always in favor of the mestizo if their opponent was a native.

Maladministration of Justice

• Legal cases could be settled if advantageous to the mestizos, especially if money was involved.
• Legal proceedings were costly, only the wealthy could afford trials, while the rest pleaded guilty.
• Decisions were often delayed, burdening people with injustice.

Human Rights Denied to Filipinos (natives)

• The Spanish Constitution of 1812 promised freedom of speech, press, association, and other human rights, except religious freedom.
• Though these rights were allegedly practiced in Spain and its colonies, Filipinos were often denied of these rights.

Economic Situation

• In the 19th century, wealthy Filipino families were engaged in international trade.
• Agriculture developed due to the opening of the Suez Canal and the rise of international trade.
• Most lands were controlled by friars, who increased land rents, decreasing the income of Filipino elites.
• Francisco Mercado (Rizal's father) was an inquilino who rented a large land in Calamba from the Dominican friars.
• When the Dominicans increased the rent, he refused to increase the rent of the farmer under his administration.

Different Socio-Economic Policies Imposed by Spaniards

• Reduccion: Natives were forced to live near the center to be easily monitored for conversion to Catholicism.
• Father Juan de Placencia led the program, creating centers with a church, municipal hall, plaza, market, and school.
• Bandala System: Filipino farmers were required to sell their harvest to the government for a promissory note (promise to pay).
• Polo y Servicio (Forced Labor): Filipino males (16-60 years old) were forced to work for 40-day periods (reduced to 15 days in 1884) on Spanish projects.
• Polistas (forced laborers) were to be paid 1/4 real plus rice daily.
• Restrictions limited distant labor and work during planting/harvest.
• Polo resulted in disastrous consequences, ruining communities; promised wages were not paid, leading to starvation/death.

Taxation

• Cedula: males and females 18 years old and above paid 8 reales every year for the cedula.
• Sanctorum: Tax for the church amounting 3 reales.
• Donativo de Zamboanga: One half real to finance the war in Mindanao against the Muslim.
• Tribute: may be paid in cash or in kind.
• As a sign of vassalage to Spain, Filipinos paid tribute to the colonial government.
• King Charles V decreed on July 26, 1523 that pacified Indians should pay a moderate amount in recognition of vassalage.
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi first ordered tribute payment in Visayas and Luzon; his successors followed.
• Buwis (tribute) comprised two types: direct taxes (customs duties) and bandala (taxes-monopolies of crops/items).

Galleon Trade

• The trading system that existed from 1565 until 1815.
• Trading route from Canton, China, Acapulco, Mexico, and Manila.
• Changed the system of free trading in the Philippines where other nationalities were free to exchange their goods with the Filipinos.
• Merchants could only participate in the Galleon Trade if they could afford to pay for the boletas, also known as ticket for the Galleon trade.
• Led to a decrease in native industry production because the alcalde mayor imposed coconut/abaca fiber planting.
• Farmers who missed quota paid heavy fines.
• Decline in profit for local industry.
• Intercultural exchanges between the Philippines and Mexico occurred.
• Mexican products (cocoa, sayote, tames, etc.) entered the Philippines, while Philippine mangoes entered Mexico.

Educational Situation in the Philippines

• Religion was the center of the educational system imposed by the Spaniards.
• Primary education was provided by friars.
• Young Filipinos learned Christian Doctrine, alphabet, language, customs, and policies.
• Girls and boys had separate schools and different curriculums.
• For male: Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio(1589), College of San Idelfonso(1599), and Ateneo de Municipal (1817).
• For male the curriculum included Spanish, history, Latin, philosophy, canon, civil law, and rhetoric.
• For female the curriculums included the Colegios of Santa Potenciana (1591), Santa Isabel (1632), Santa Catalina de Sena (1696), Santa Rita College (1719),and Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Concordia (1868).
• For females, the curriculum included rules of courtesy, vocal music, language, and sewing.
• Education was used to pacify Filipinos, train them in Catholicism, and enforce Spanish laws.
• Filipino students were not allowed to speak their native dialects in school.
• The Department of Education could not provide enough books and instructional material.
• Parochial schools were established with Spanish missionaries as teachers.
• Friars held the dominant positions and decided what to teach.
• Learning at every level was by rote or memorization; students memorized contents they did not understand.
• Filipinos were taught in native dialects.
• Spaniards believed that learning Spanish would make Filipinos subject.
• Natives attended inferior classes, held on the ground floor of the convent.
• Miserable schools repressed human development.
• The University of Santo Tomas was established in 1611 solely for Spaniards and mestizos.
• Official secondary schools for boys were San Juan de Letran College and Ateneo De Manila.
• Secondary education for girls pioneered by Santa Isabel College, La Concordia, Sta Catalina College, Sta Rosa and Asilo de Lookan.
• The Spanish colonial administration issued an Educational Decree in 1863.
• Every major town was to establish a primary school for boys and girls, with Spanish as the medium of instruction.
• The friars did not implement this decree.
• They believed education might inspire new ideas of freedom, independence, and justice.
• Rigid censorship by church authorities and the government prevented the government system's control over education.

The Rise of Nationalism in the Philippines

• Nationalism is the sentiment of a person towards his country.
• Nationalism is displayed as loyalty to a culture, history, and aspiration as a nation.
• It is a national sentiment that unites people towards a common goal for the advancement of the country.
• Philippine nationalism grew from national consciousness due to events challenging people's pride.
• Nationalism grew from the rise of creoles and educated Filipinos, who wrote articles/novels challenging society and demanding reforms,
• Rizal's Noli Me Tangere is considered the "Charter of Filipino Nationalism".

Factors that Led to the Rise of Nationalism in the Philippines

• International trade brought material progress where agricultural products were included.
• Provincial elites could send their children to universities in Manila and Spain.
• Rizal advocated political reforms as an educated Filipino.
• The opening of the Philippine opened doors to the political events. that were unfolding and the progressive and liberal ideas.
• The liberal administration of Carlos Maria De la Torre allowed Filipinos to participate in the government and made political reform possible.
• He was replaced by Rafael Izquierdo, whose conservative governing was against that of de la Torre.

The Issue of Secularization

• The secularization controversy resulted in the execution of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (GomBurZa).
• The secularization controversy started with a Royal Decree limiting the appointment of Filipino priests in parishes.
• The policies were meant to remove Filipino priests' leadership in the Philippine Churches.
• Father Pedro Pelaez, Vicar Capitular of Manila Cathedral, led the Secularization Movement to Filipinize the Philippine curacy.

The Cavite Mutiny

• Rafael de Izquierdo's cancelled the exemption in tribute and personal services which was a benefit to Filipino soldiers in Cavite, and this led to the Cavite Mutiny.
• The local uprising was quickly suppressed.
• The Spanish authorities used the Cavity Mutiny against GomBurZa.

The Execution of GomBurZa

• The three (3) priests were accused as the leaders of the uprisings in Cavite.
• Based on the testimony of Francisco Zaldua, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were indicted.
• The three priests were involved in the secularization movement.
• Father Jose Burgos became the leader of secularization movement after the death of Father Pelaez.
• Father Burgos was a friend of Paciano Mercado, the brother of Rizal.

The Implementation of Different Unjust Policies

• Polo y servicios, encomienda, hacienda owned by the friars, bandala and tribute.
• These policies served to ignite anger and resentment among Filipinos.

Maladministration of Justice

• The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines had a penal code as the basis of the justice system.
• Accused Filipinos were sentenced without the due process of law.

Racial Discrimination

• Often the Filipinos (indios) were the victims
• Filipino priests had to pass an examination before becoming a parish priest, but Spanish priests were exempt.
• In schools and universities run by friars, Filipino students were considered inferior to Spanish students.
• The highest positions in the government were reserved for Spaniards however, Filipinos could only be a gobernadorcillo
• Large parcels of land were given to Spaniards.

The Lack of Representative of the Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes

• To gain support from overseas colonies, Spain granted representation in the Cortes(Spanish Parliament).
• The Philippines had from 1810 to 1813 its first period of representation.
• Ventura de los Reyes became the first Philippine delegate to actively participate in the framing of the 1812 Constitution.
• The Galleon Trade was abolished.
• The representation of the overseas colonies in the Spanish Cortes was abolished.
• The Philippines' situation worsened
• The Filipino people lacked means to speak out against abuses.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena fought for the restoration of Philippine representation to no avail.

Rizal's Trip Abroad and Homecoming

• At the end of the chapter, the students are able to do describe Rizal's life in abroad and identify Rizal's academic and professional accomplishments.
• This section also covers Rizal's role in the propaganda movement and his relationship with the propagandists.

Rizal's First Trip Abroad and his First Homecoming

• Rizal decided to go to Spain after he finished his medical course in University of Santo Tomas to finish his medical specialization.
• He also wanted to fulfill his "secret mission" to prepare for his fight in the Philippines.
• Rizal's travel was kept secret to avoid detection and suspicion from Spanish government and friars.
• Jose Mercado was the name Rizal used to travel and was also assisted by his uncle, Antonio Rivera.

Rizal from the Philippines to Singapore (May 3-11,1882)

• Rizal boarded the ship Salvadora bound for Singapore.
• Donato Lecha was the captain of the ship and defined Jose as a refined man.
• He arrived in Singapore on May 9, 1882.
• Rizal stayed in Hotel de la Paz.
• He left Singapore on May 11, 1882 on board the ship Djemnah.

Rizal from Singapore to Ceylon (May 11-17,1882)

• Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seaport town in southern Ceylon.
• Rizal defined Point Galle as a picturesque but lonely town.
• He went to Colombo to get references in learning the French language.
• Rizal defined Colombo as an elegant town compared to Manila.

Rizal from Ceylon to Italy (May 17 - June 11, 1882)

• Rizal was amused when for the first time he saw camels in Aden.
• They travelled in Suez Canal, a route from Asia to Europe.
• They docked in Port Said.
• Rizal arrived in Naples, Italy which according to him the place has a panoramic beauty.

Rizal from Italy to France (June 11 - June 12, 1882)

• Djemnah then docked at the port in the city of Marseilles.
• Rizal visited Chateau D'if, a famous landmark in Count of Monte Cristo.

Rizal from France to Spain (1882)

• After May 5, 1882, Jose left Marseilles by train and traveled to Barcelona.
• He arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882 and had an unfavorable impression of the city.
• Rizal created articles for the Diariong Tagalog which were Amor Patria and Los Viajes; he used the pen name Laong Laan.
• During this time, Manila was ravaged by cholera according to his brother Paciano.
• He was disheartened because of a letter sent by Leonor Rivera.
• Rizal left Barcelona for Madrid in the Fall of 1882.

Rizal's Experiences in Madrid

• Rizal pursued and finished the medical course that his father wanted.
• A vice of Rizal's was lottery.
• Rizal spent his off time reading and attending reunion organized by the Illustrados.
• Rizal used spare time for shooting, fencing in a communal gymnasium.
• He was then acquainted with the fraternal group of illustrados in Madrid. This group was called, Circulo Hispano-Filipino.
• During New Year's Eve, in front of a group, he declaimed the poem, Mi Piden Versus.
• The reading of Uncle Tom's Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe) and the Wandering Jew (Eugene Sue) stirred Rizal's interest; he saved money to purchase them.

Rizal's First Visit in Paris (1883)

• Rizal visited Paris during his summer vacation in Madrid and thought of it as the "costliest city in the world".
• He visited Laennec Hospital where he observed Dr. Nicaise treating patients.
• Rizal was encouraged and impressed by the recognition received by the Masons from the government.
• He joined the masonic lodge known as Acacia and became a master mason in 1890.
• During the time Calamba was plagued with pests. Calamba hacienderos increased tenants' taxes. Parasites pestered poultry.

Rizal's Return in Madrid (1884-1885)

• On June 24, 1884, Rizal was so broke he could not even afford to buy breakfast.
• He attended class and won a gold medal in a Greek language contest.
• On June 25, 1884, a banquet was organized in celebration by the illustrados of a double victory for Filipinos achieved in Madrid--Luna's Spoliarium (1st place) and Hidalgo's Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (2nd place).
• A bloody riot happened in Madrid from November 20-22, 1884 and the students of the Universidad Central de Madrid were involved.
• On June 21, 1884, Rizal earned the Licentiate in Medicine, but knew he would not be accepted in University of Santo Tomas.
• He finished his Philosophy and Letters on June 19, 1885 with a sobresaliente.

Rizal from France to Germany (1885-1887)

• Rizal went to Paris to practice ophthalmology.
• He met Maximo Viola and he became his best friend in Europe.
• Rizal became an assistant ophthalmologist for Dr. Louis de Weckert.
• Rizal met Juan Luna and his girlfriend, Paz Pardo de Tavera.
• Rizal posed as an Egyptian for Luna's painting “The Death of Cleopatra" and posed in “Sandugo" depicting the Sikatuna-Legazpi pact.
• He learned to read the solfeggio and play the piano and flute.
• Rizal arrived in Heidelberg on February 3, 1886.
• He was amazed with flowers and wrote the poem, “A Flores de Heidelberg”.
• He became an ophthalmologist for Dr. Otto Becker.

Rizal in Germany

• KKarl Ulmer, a Protestant Pastor, was a friend of Jose and let Jose stayed in his home.
• On July 31, 1886,Jose wrote his first German letter to Professor Blumentritt who was the director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz in Austria.
• On August 9, 1886, Rizal left Heidelberg and arrived in Leipzig in August 16,1886.
• He became friends with Friedrich Ratzel and Hans Meyer; they were both historians.
• He translated different German and Swiss literary works and which were sent to the Philippines.
• He even translated fairy tales in Tagalog for the nephew of the historians.
• He worked as a proof reader in a publishing firm in Germany.
• He became a recognized member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society and Geographical Society of Berlin.
• He wrote Tagalische Verkunst, an article about the Tagalog language in German (Icelandic).
• He stayed in Berlin to enhance his knowledge about ophthalmology.
• He wanted to observe Germany and to publish his novel, Noli me Tangere.
• Madame Lucie Cerdole, a professor in French language. enhanced the knowledge of Rizal about French language and culture.
• Unter den Linden was a famous street in Berlin where he liked to hang out.
• In his letter to Trinidad, he discussed the diligence, seriousness, education, friendliness, not gossipy and not quarrelsome nature of German women.

The Creation of Noli me Tangere

• In the winter of 1886, Rizal was flat broke and had to pawn the diamond ring his sister Saturnina gave to him.
• The pain of hunger and sickness and the initial creation of “Noli Me Tangere" made the winter of .1886 memorable.
• Rizal was inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe's “Uncle Tom's Cabin" in writing the Noli Me Tangere.
• In January 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of the novel to a group of patriotic Filipinos.
• But in the end he was almost by himself.
• Half of the novel was written in Paris, a quarter in Madrid and the last part in Germany.
• Rizal finalized revisions in Berlin by February 1886.
• Rizal was broke.
• Maximo Viola funded the publication with 2,000 copies printed for 300 pesos.
• Rizal gave Viola one of the original copies of the novel with a complimentary copy out of gratitude.
• He admitted that the title, Noli me Tangere, did not originally come from him.
• It came from a Bible verse, John 20: 13-17.
• Rizal dedicated the novel to his fatherland, the Philippines.

Rizal's Travel with Viola

• On May 11,1887, Rizal and Viola left Berlin on an express train.
• They visited Dresden (Germany), Teschen, Leitmeritz, Vienna (Austria), Munich (Germany), Nuremberg (Germany), and Geneva (Switzerland).
• On June 23, 1887, Rizal and Maximo parted ways, Jose went to Italy and Maximo returned in Spain
• On June 27, 1887, he arrived in Rome, where he called "The City of Caesar."
• After a week, he prepared to return to the Philippines.

Rizal's First Homecoming

• Paciano advised Rizal not to return home due to the uproar from Noli.
• Rizal insisted because he wanted to treat his mother's eyes.
• Rizal boarded Djemnah on July 3, 1887. He arrived in Saigon, Vietnam and boarded his transfer ship, Haiphong bound to Manila.
• August 2, 1887-te steam ship left for Manila.
• Rizal arrived in Manila on August 5, 1887.
• On arrival, he treated young Filipinos and introduced European culture.
• Rizal was not able to meet Leonor Rivera.

Rizal's Second Travel Abroad (1888-1892)

• He suspended his trip to Europe in (September 1887) because his sister, Olympia, died of internal bleeding due to giving birth.
• Because of the uproar of Noli me Tangere, his family decided Rizal would stay in the Philippines.
• On December 29, 1887, the Church ordered a prohibition in Noli me Tangere's publication and circulation.

Rizal from Manila to Hongkong (February 3-22,1888)

• Rizal's medical practice allowed him to leave Manila for Hongkong bringing 5000 pesos.
• Jose Maria Basa, Jose Sainz de Veranda and some Portuguese, boarded the ship Kui Kiang.
• Rizal stayed in Juan Lecaroz's house, where he studied the botanical garden.
• After almost two weeks, he left Hongkong for Japan on board Oceanic.

Rizal in Japan (February 28, 1888-April 13,1888)

• Upon arrival, Rizal stayed in Hotel Grande.
• He visited Yokohama, Tokyo and met Juan Perez Caballero, a Spanish ambassador in Japan.
• He also met O Sei-san,Jose's tour guide, translator and lover.
• He learned judo and kabuki.

Rizal from Japan to USA (April 13, 1888 -May 13, 1888)

• He was saddened knowing O Sei-san was left behind.
• Rizal boarded the ship Belgic.
• The ship arrived in United States on April 281888.
• He noticed America was marred with racial prejudice.
• Due to rumored cholera outbreak, Rizal was quarantined in the ship
• The quarantine was seen as political.
• The day he was released, he stayed in Palace Hotel (San Francisco).
• Then he traveled to Oakland via ferry ship.
• The next day he went to Reno and called it the biggest little city in the world.

Rizal´s impressions of New York:

• He wrote about the beauty of Nevada while going to Albany.
• He arrived in New York on May 13,1888, and he called it as the "Big Town."

Rizal in England (1888)

• He arrived in England in May 1888.
• Rizal chose England improve his English language and to study Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Filipinas
• England was seen as the safest place against the Spanish government.
• While aboard the ship City of Rome, Rizal entertained passengers using yo-yo as a defensive weapon.
• Upon arriving in Liverpool, he stayed in Adelphi Hotel.
• On May 25, 1888, he traveled in London, where he boarded with the Becket where Gertrude Beckett fell in love.
• Reinhold Frost, a librarian of Ministry of Affairs, was impressed by Rizal's work, hailing him as the "Pearl of Man."
• While he was in England, different revolts started to arise in the different parts of the country.
• He was even condemned by the senators of Spanish Cortes, Salamanca, Vida, Retana.
• Newspaper writers such as Feced condemned Rizal in Spanish newspapers.
• Rizal was condemned and persecuted with his friends and his family in the Philippines.
• Vicente Garcia and significant people defended Noli me Tangere.
• Rizal annotated Morga's Book.

Rizal's Short Visit in Paris and Spain

• He visited Paris in order to get some references in Bibliotheque Nationale.
• In Spain Rizal met the superpowers of propaganda, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce.

Rizal's Return in London

• Jose celebrated Christmas day alone in London.
• Blumentritt and Carlos Czepelak gave Jose a bust of Emperor Augustus and Julius Caesar.
• His landlady gave Jose a book about magic due to Rizal's fascination with magic.
• Jose was chosen as the honorary president of Asosacion La Solidaridad by unanimous decision.
• This was the recognition given to Filipino patriots in Europe.
• La Solidaridad founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena.
• Its aim was to: work peacefully for political and social reforms; show the condition of Philippines.
• Its aim was also for Spain to remedy situations.
• It was in order also to oppose forces in the Philippines; advocate liberal ideas; and prioritize Filipino life and happiness.
• In the first article of Rizal in the newspaper, he discussed the situation of the Filipino farmers.
• La Vision del Fray Rodriguez and his satirical comments helped Rizal describe the newfound meaning of religion.
• He wrote "The Young Women of Malolos", extolling the bravery of the women of Malolos.
• Rizal left London to pursue his mission on March 19, 1889.

Rizal's Return in Paris

• Upon arrival in Paris, Jose was disappointed.
• Landlords in Paris were were taking advantage of the rent because of the festivities.
• He spent most of his time in Bibliotheque Nationale and continued learning different languages.
• He also continued his fencing lessons with Juan Luna.
• He wrote different writings during his stay in Paris.
• In "The Philippine within a Century", Rizal detailed the glory of Filipino race and how it was destroyed by the Spanish.
• In his "The Indolence of the Filipino", Rizal discussed the lack of enthusiasm of Filipinos and what were the reasons behind it.

Rizal in Brussels

• Jose Rizal started writing his second most famous novel, El Filibusterismo (September 18, 1891).
• He was accompanied by Jose Alberto and later by Jose Alejandro.
• He spent most of his time writing the novel and writing articles for the newspaper.
• Rizal adapted every article written in German and translated it in Spanish and Tagalog.
• He condemned Filipinos in Madrid addicted to gambling.
• One night, he dreamed he was not able to reach the age of 30.
• He joked about it, calling himself Laong Laan.
• In spite of the advice and danger, he decided to return to the Philippines.

Rizal's Second Homecoming (1892)

• Rizal was persecuted.
• In Madrid carrying all his problems.
• He experienced terrible injustice.
• He then challenged Wenceslao Retana.
• 1890 December Leonor Rivera died.
• 1892 June Rizal arrived in Manila with Lucia.
• Upon Rizal's arrival he was shadowed everywhere.
• He attended a meeting which aimed to create the La Liga Filipina
• June 26,1892, Rizal arrived in Manila together with Lucia.
• La Liga Filipina had for mission Filipino to aim for forms under Spain.

Objectives of La Liga Filipina

• To unite all Filipinos under one organization.
• To give financial and economical aid to poor Filipinos.
• To oppose persecution and injustices.
• To develop and improve education system, agriculture and trading.
• To research and implement social reforms.

Rizal's Exile and Execution

• At the end of the chapter, the students are able to explain the various factors which led to Rizal's exile in Dapitan and his execution.
• This covers also evaluating Rizal's life in Dapitan,and finally appreciating Rizal's fortitude over extreme adversities in life.

Rizal in Dapitan

• Rizal was forced into exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga.
• Governor General Despujol choose Dapitan and not Guam, Fernando Po in Africa.
• Despujol thought that Rizal was considered as one of their worst troublemakers ( (Zaide,G.F. & Sonia M. Zaide, 2018).

Rizal´s life in Dapitan included some difficulties:

• Captain Ricardo Carnicero to chose between living in his house
• If Rizal chose Jesuits he had to publicly rectify his errors
• Also he would make a Catholic confession.
• Riza refused to do it.
• Rizal earned 20,000pesos in a lottery.
• Rizal, Captain Carnicero made this venture which earned them money.
• This was Rizal´s and was used in Talisay for a land.
• He used the money to build an octagonal house made up of bamboo and nipa in Talisay.
• Portion of it went to a school.
• Eye clinic.
• The house for his family.

Rizal's Contributions to Dapitan

• Teach an advanced farming system.
• He developed sugar.
• He open an eye clinic.
• He developed waterways.
• He taught the people the backyard cleaning.
• Lighting system.
• He invented bricks
• He invented the cigarette.

Rizal's Last Trip to Europe

• Blumentritt updated Rizal with world events.
• Rizals volunteered to be Spanish doctor.
• Rizal was needed as military doctor.
• 1896 July 30 Governor general grants his request
• He had the safe escort

Rizal´s arrest and trip back to Manila:

• He was arrested on the boat.
• Immediately, they sent him to Manila.

Rizal's Imprisonment and Trial in Fort Santiago.

• He was tried on sedition and rebellion. Spanish authorities raised his case based on his writtenthe Hymn for Talisay, Noli Me Tangere, and El Filibusterismo.

Rizal's trial:

• He was accused as the leader.
• Had participation
• Authorities stated he was involved
• He could escape or join in Singapore
• He followed the Spanish instructions
• He asked for the family experiences
• 1892-1896 folllowed Deportation 75 page

Trial Decision and Execution of Rizal:

• Rizal was excuted at 7:00

Rizal's Impact on the Philippines

• Rizal wrote that guards spare his head
• Rizal shouted "Consummatum est"
• His death in bagumbayan