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Questions and Answers
What was the primary purpose of the publication titled 'Los Dos Mundos' in 1883?
What was the primary purpose of the publication titled 'Los Dos Mundos' in 1883?
- To criticize the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines
- To showcase the literary works of Filipino writers
- To demand equal rights and opportunities for the overseas Hispanic colonies (correct)
- To promote Spanish culture in the Philippines
Who led the formation of the Circulo Hispano Filipino in Spain?
Who led the formation of the Circulo Hispano Filipino in Spain?
- Mariano Ponce
- Jose Rizal
- Pablo Rianzares
- Juan Atayde (correct)
What was the name of the newspaper published by the Filipino community in Barcelona in 1889?
What was the name of the newspaper published by the Filipino community in Barcelona in 1889?
- La Solidaridad (correct)
- Espana en Filipinas
- Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino
- Los Dos Mundos
During which period in Spanish history did the monarchy get restored?
During which period in Spanish history did the monarchy get restored?
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What was the name of the first novel written by Jose Rizal, published in 1887?
What was the name of the first novel written by Jose Rizal, published in 1887?
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Study Notes
Imagining a Nation
- During the late 19th century, economic conditions in the Philippines improved, allowing many creole and mestizo families to send their sons to school in Manila and Europe.
- This exposure led to the awakening of ideas about progress and love for their motherland among young Filipino students.
Political Climate in 19th Century Spain
- Spain was undergoing significant changes, including the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature.
- The Constitution of 1876 ensured political stability through the rotation of Liberal and Conservative parties in government.
- However, the parliamentary system was weakened by manipulated elections and numerous turnovers of government employees.
The Propaganda Movement
- Filipino students in Spain, including Jose Rizal, contributed to the Propaganda Movement through the publication of periodicals and newspapers.
- La Solidaridad, a prominent newspaper, was established in 1889 with Marcelo H. del Pilar as editor and later joined by Jose Rizal, among others.
- The newspaper aimed to combat reaction, impede retrogression, and defend progress.
- Other prominent contributors included Dominador Gomez, Jose Maria Panganiban, Antonio Luna, and Ferdinand Blumentritt.
The Roles of Rizal and del Pilar
- Rizal and del Pilar differed in their stance on Philippine affairs, with Rizal agreeing to the proposal to elect a leader to unite the Filipino community in Madrid in 1891.
- Del Pilar initially expressed misgivings about the proposal.
Vocabulary
- Cortes: the legislative or law-making body of the Spanish Government
- Creole: a Spaniard born in the Philippines
- Mestizo: an individual born of mixed ancestry (e.g., Spanish mestizo or Chinese Mestizo)
- Propaganda: information used to promote or publicize a particular cause or point of view
- Restoration: refers to the Spanish Restoration (1874-1931), a period that saw the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII and the establishment of a bicameral legislature
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