Questions and Answers
Why was Rizal against the revolution?
Rizal was against the revolution because he advised Pio Valenzuela not to plot it, and his political ideology did not align with the revolutionary movement's goals.
What do you think will happen to the Philippines if there is no Philippine Revolution?
If there was no Philippine Revolution, the Philippines might have remained under Spanish colonial rule for a longer period.
Do you think there is fairness in Rizal’s trial?
No, Rizal’s trial was not fair as it was a military court proceeding, and he was not given a proper defense.
What do you think will be the effect of Rizal’s execution?
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What do you think will be the effect in our history if Rizal was not executed?
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Do you think Rizal was worthy to be our national hero? Why?
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Who was Rizal's first love affair?
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What prevented Rizal from pursuing a long-term relationship with Miss L?
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What will be the effects of Noli to the Filipinos and Spanish in the Philippines?
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What are the propagandas made by the Spaniards against Noli Me Tangere?
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Do you think the ruling in examining the Noli Me Tangere that was made by the friars was fair? Why?
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What are the differences between Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo?
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Like Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo was based also on truth. Explain.
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Why did Rizal's love affairs always have an issue?
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Why did Rizal decide to end his affair with O-Sei-San?
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Why did Rizal's love affairs often fail?
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Why did Rizal attract women wherever he went?
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What did Rizal use to write love letters to Leonor Valenzuela?
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Who was Consuelo Ortiga y Perez?
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How did O-Sei-San help Rizal?
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What poem did Rizal write that expresses his love for his motherland?
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Which poem was written by Rizal when he was 15 years old?
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What was the relationship between Leonor Rivera and Rizal?
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Why did Rizal’s poem 'To My Fellow Children' become controversial?
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What encouraged Rizal to establish the organization called Indios Bravos?
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Describe Rizal’s life in Paris.
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What’s the reason why Rizal wrote a poem entitled 'Goodbye to Leonor'?
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What do you think was the reason why Rizal wrote the poem 'Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education'?
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What is the title of Rizal's first novel?
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What inspired Rizal to write Noli Me Tangere?
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Rizal completed Noli Me Tangere in Barcelona.
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Match the works of Rizal with their descriptions:
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Who was the oldest sibling in the Bonifacio family?
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What does KKK stand for?
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Andres Bonifacio was the President and Supremo of the Katipunan.
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The founding of the Katipunan happened on __________.
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What was the purpose of Rizal's meeting with Governor-General Despujol?
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Which of the following was NOT a punishment for members who could not keep secrets in the Katipunan?
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Why did Rizal travel to Cuba?
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The general assembly convened by Bonifacio took place on __________.
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Rizal agreed with Andres Bonifacio's plan for revolution.
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What was the prominent feeling about the opportunity for bloodshed in the Philippine revolution according to Rizal?
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What was one brand of punishment implemented after the materialization of the revolution?
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Match the following Katipunan leaders with their positions:
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Rizal was on board the __________ when he traveled to Manila.
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Rizal's letters were a testament to his contentment during his time in Dapitan.
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Study Notes
Rizal's Exile and Death
- Andres Bonifacio, born on November 30, 1863, was a key figure in Philippine history, founding the secret society Katipunan (KKK) on July 7, 1892, aimed at opposing Spanish rule.
- The Katipunan's establishment was fueled by rampant corruption, poverty among Filipinos, and the failure of Rizal’s La Liga Filipina to achieve desired reforms.
- The organization was structured with a Supreme Council, Provincial Councils, and Barangay Councils, emphasizing secrecy and loyalty through strict initiation rites.
- Pio Valenzuela, an emissary of Bonifacio, informed Rizal of the revolution's imminent launch, which Rizal initially opposed, advocating for careful planning to avoid loss of lives.
The Brewing of the Revolution
- A crucial assembly on August 21, 1896, led by Bonifacio, resulted in the decision to start the revolution against the Spaniards on August 29, 1896.
- Key assignments included military leaders tasked with conquering Manila, where strategies involved secretive communication signals like balloons and cannon shots.
- The Katipuneros actively protested against Spanish occupation by tearing their cedulas (tax documents) and expressing revolutionary sentiments.
Going to Cuba
- On July 30, 1896, Rizal received permission to travel to Cuba as a doctor in the Spanish army, reflecting his desire to participate in revolution and study the Cuban struggle against Spain.
- Rizal's motivations for traveling to Cuba included aspirations for Philippine independence and the fear that a revolution could lead to foreign imperial claims on the Philippines.
The Arrest and Trial
- Upon arriving in Manila, Rizal was quickly arrested on charges of promoting anti-Spanish activities.
- His preliminary trial began seventeen days after arrival, initiated by Colonel Francisco Olivé, which involved testimonies from various witnesses without Rizal confronting them directly.
- The prosecutorial evidence included letters and speeches highlighting Rizal's revolutionary ideas and activities, portraying him as a leader of the reform movement.
- Rizal chose Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade as his defense counsel amidst proceedings that showcased the injustices of the military legal system.
Effects of Rizal's Death
- The execution of Rizal had substantial repercussions, catalyzing the Philippine fight for independence and inspiring future generations to continue the quest for freedom from colonial rule.
- His death was viewed as a martyrdom that galvanized the Filipino resistance against Spanish oppression.
Key Figures and Terms
- Andres Bonifacio: Founder of the Katipunan, pivotal revolutionary leader.
- Katipunan (KKK): Secret society aimed at liberating the Philippines from Spanish rule.
- Emilio Jacinto: A significant leader within the Katipunan.
- Pio Valenzuela: Emissary sent to Rizal about the revolution plans.
- La Liga Filipina: Reform organization founded by Rizal, which struggled to make impactful changes.
- Martial Law: Declared by Governor-General Blanco in response to the uprisings as a means to suppress the revolutionaries.
Important Dates
- November 30, 1863: Birth of Andres Bonifacio.
- July 7, 1892: Founding of the Katipunan.
- August 21, 1896: General assembly for the revolution planning.
- August 29, 1896: Official start of the revolution against Spanish rule.
These notes encapsulate the key events and figures surrounding Rizal’s exile, the formation of the Katipunan, the rise of revolutionary fervor in the Philippines, and the circumstances leading to Rizal’s arrest and trial.### Trial’s Arraignment
- The arraignment initiated a military investigation against Dr. Jose Rizal, facilitated by Captain Rafael Dominguez.
- Rizal was labeled a key organizer of the Filipino insurrection, despite not challenging the court's jurisdiction.
- He pleaded "not guilty" to rebellion charges, which were formally documented and sent to Malacañang on December 13, 1896.
- Governor General Camilo G. de Polavieja took over leadership during this period, noted for being more notorious than his predecessor.
The Trial of Jose Rizal
- The trial occurred at Cuartel de España, starting at 8 a.m. on December 26, 1896, attended by seven judges from the court martial.
- Rizal was restrained during proceedings and was accompanied by soldiers and Josephine Bracken.
- He presented a twelve-point defense against the rebellion charges, highlighting his lack of involvement in revolutionary activities and misattributions to his writings.
- Despite his defense, Rizal was sentenced to execution on December 30, 1896, at 7 a.m. in Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park).
Chronology of Events During the Last Hours of Rizal
- On December 29, 1896, Captain Dominguez read Rizal’s death sentence, and significant visitors provided spiritual support during his final hours.
- Rizal wrote farewell letters, expressing his innocence and love for family before being heavily guarded during the death march.
- He opted to face the firing squad directly despite requests being denied.
- At 7:03 a.m. on December 30, 1896, he was declared dead.
Aftermath of Rizal’s Death
- His execution sparked a mixture of national pride among Spaniards and incited further revolutionary zeal among Filipinos.
- Rizal’s martyrdom underscored the fight for Philippine independence and inspired poetic tributes.
Wish After Rizal’s Death
- José Rizal desired a simple burial marked by a stone and cross, rejecting grand memorials or anniversary celebrations.
- His remains were initially buried at Paco Cemetery and later moved to Luneta in 1912, contrary to his specific wishes.
Rizal's Love Affairs
- Rizal had several romantic relationships, notably with Segunda Katigbak, Miss L, Leonor Valenzuela, and Leonor Rivera, but most were unfulfilled due to various constraints, including family disapproval and previous attachments.
- His relationship with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez was significant, but he prioritized his commitment to nationalism over personal affections.
- O-Sei-San, a Japanese woman, captivated him, yet he chose to end the relationship to focus on serving the Filipino people.
Context of Rizal’s Relationships
- These affairs reflect socio-cultural dynamics of the era and Rizal's character traits such as charm and intellect.
- Global context: Many of his relationships occurred during his travels, highlighting the cross-cultural exchanges of the late 19th century.### The Beckett Family and Rizal's Romantic Relationships
- Rizal lodged with the Beckett family at Primrose Hill, motivated by proximity to public spaces and the British Museum.
- Mr. Charles Beckett, an organist at St. Paul’s Cathedral, andMrs. Georgina Beckett had two sons and four daughters, with Gertrude being the eldest.
- Gertrude Beckett, affectionately called 'Gettie' by friends, developed a close bond with Rizal, bringing him breakfast and modeling for his clay statuettes.
- Despite her deep affection, their relationship was ultimately unsuccessful; Rizal and Gertrude referred to each other as 'Pettie' and 'Gettie'.
Rizal's Affection for Suzane Jacoby
- Rizal was enamored by Suzane Jacoby, drawn to her by his "aura," yet remained attached to Leonor Rivera.
- His relationship with Jacoby also concluded as he relocated to Madrid, Spain.
Rizal and the Boustead Family
- Rizal's acquaintance with Eduardo Boustead began during the 1889 centennial celebration in Paris; Eduardo was an Anglo-Filipino mestizo managing his father's firm.
- Following his father's death, Eduardo returned to England but later welcomed Rizal in France for a vacation, providing a respite from Rizal's struggles in Madrid.
Rizal's Relationship with Nellie Boustead
- While vacationing in Biarritz, Rizal fell for Nellie Boustead, admiring her traditional Filipino traits and morality.
- A duel between Rizal and Antonio Luna arose over Nellie's affections, although Rizal's marriage proposal was ultimately unsuccessful due to his Catholic faith and opposition from Nellie's mother.
Josephine Bracken’s Background
- Rizal met Josephine Bracken in Dapitan; she was characterized as slender with chestnut blond hair.
- Born in Hong Kong to Irish parents, Josephine was raised by George Taufer, who accompanied Rizal for an eye consultation.
- Despite challenges, Rizal proposed to Bracken, but family disapproval and suspicions surrounding her prevented marriage. They ultimately found happiness together.
Rizal’s Poetry and Literary Contributions
- Rizal’s poetry in 1876 and 1877 included “The Tragedy of St. Eustace” and “In Memory of My Town,” showcasing his literary talent and patriotism.
- His poem “To the Filipino Youth” inspired national pride and emphasized education, winning a contest while he was a student at UST.
- Other notable works included “Goodbye to Leonor,” reflecting his heartbreak, and “To the Young Women of Malolos,” advocating for women's education and dignity.
Prolific Writing in Paris
- Living in Paris during the 1889 Universal Exposition, Rizal engaged in literary endeavors, focusing on Philippine history and expressing nationalistic sentiments.
- His involvement in the 'Kidlat Club' aimed to foster Filipino community participation, while 'Indios Bravos' sought to instill national pride.
- Rizal published works such as “Por Telefono,” criticizing Spanish friars and contributing significantly to the La Solidaridad newspaper to defend Filipino rights against colonial oppression.
Key Articles in La Solidaridad
- Rizal wrote articles addressing Spanish colonial abuses, including "Crueldad," "La Verdad Para Todos," and "Ingratitudes," highlighting injustices and advocating for political reforms.
- His works often defended oppressed Filipinos, offered critiques against Spanish authorities, and promoted the pursuit of social justice through enlightenment and education.
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Test your knowledge on the life and contributions of Dr. José Rizal, a key figure in Philippine history. This quiz covers important events, works, and the impact of Rizal's life on the nation. Perfect for students of the Rizal 10 course.
