River Basin Organizations and Management
47 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a primary driver of conflict related to precious stones?

  • The rising popularity of geological tourism.
  • Government regulation of stone sizes and locations mined.
  • Their aesthetic appeal in jewelry.
  • Their use as a source of revenue for armed conflicts. (correct)
  • What is the main concern regarding fuel scarcity for both developing and developed nations?

  • The rising cost of electric vehicles.
  • The rapid depletion of oil reserves and increasing market value of fuel triggering conflicts. (correct)
  • The potential collapse of international trade agreements.
  • The shift towards renewable energy sources.
  • Which of the following is NOT identified as a potential cause of resource conflict?

  • Exclusion of user groups from natural resource management.
  • Lack of clarity on laws and policies.
  • Equitable sharing and management of natural resources. (correct)
  • Contradictions between local and introduced management systems.
  • What is the primary role of a mediator in resource conflict resolution?

    <p>To facilitate the negotiation process between parties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conflict resolution strategy involves a voluntary process where parties reach an agreement through mutual consent?

    <p>Negotiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of resource conflicts, what does 'avoidance' refer to?

    <p>Acting in ways to prevent a conflict from becoming publicly acknowledged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actors is LEAST likely to be involved in natural resource conflicts?

    <p>Organizations focused on the beautification of historical monuments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of 'conflict minerals'?

    <p>Their exploitation funds armed conflicts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource conflict expression is described as remaining hidden or latent?

    <p>Unacknowledged grievances due to fear. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'arbitration' from 'mediation' in conflict resolution?

    <p>Arbitration involves a third party who renders a decision, while mediation facilitates negotiation without authority to impose a solution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT primarily contribute to the rise in market value of natural resources?

    <p>Government subsidies on resource extraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most direct definition of 'natural resource conflict'?

    <p>Conflicts arising from accessing, controlling, and using materials found in nature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) when it was established?

    <p>To promote sustainable socioeconomic development and equitable utilization of resources in the Nile basin states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information, what is a potential consequence of unresolved natural resource conflicts?

    <p>Escalation into violence and environmental degradation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries initially formed the Kagera Basin Organization (KBO) in 1977?

    <p>Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)?

    <p>To improve the supply of power in the South African region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT identified as a potential source of national or sub-national resource disputes?

    <p>Disputes over the introduction of new agricultural technologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contentious issue is often at the heart of national or sub-national resource disputes?

    <p>Allocation of power for managing access to the resource (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaty led to the creation of the US-Canada International Joint Commission (IJC)?

    <p>The Waters Treaty of 1909. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions exacerbate the likelihood of violence and devastation arising from disputes over natural resources?

    <p>Weak administration and high levels of corruption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the Joint Permanent Technical Commission (JPTC) related to the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA)?

    <p>To ensure the implementation of the Lesotho Highlands project to transfer water to industrial areas of South Africa. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of civil wars in the past six decades have been instigated by the control and use of natural resources?

    <p>40-60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical role does the Kariba Dam play within the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) regional scheme?

    <p>It acts as a 'buffer,' helping manage and stabilize the regional power supply. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a function of the Zambezi River Authority (ZRA)?

    <p>Operating and maintaining the Kariba Dam and investigating new projects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates a conflict originating from water scarcity?

    <p>Conflicts between Nile riparian countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can land ownership provide access to, increasing its economic and socio-cultural importance?

    <p>Minerals, timber, animals, pasture, and farm plots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial name of the organization that was later replaced by the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)?

    <p>TECCONILE. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the per capita water use in Egypt, according to the provided information?

    <p>Approximately 830 cubic meters per person per year. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contributing factor to the increasing scarcity of land for personal, industrial, or agricultural use?

    <p>Population growth and environmental degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical event is given as an example of wars fought for the control of lands?

    <p>Wars between Ecuador and Peru (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a key objective of the Kagera Basin Organization (KBO)?

    <p>Promoting joint planning and development of sub-regional potentials in various sectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographical area does the US-Canada International Joint Commission (IJC) primarily focus on for water management?

    <p>The Great Lakes Region of North America. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is happening to the world's forest cover due to population growth and industrialization?

    <p>Rainforests are being destroyed, causing environmental degradation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries signed a treaty in 1986 to create the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA)?

    <p>Lesotho and South Africa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of natural resources often creates strong emotional and symbolic attachments for people?

    <p>Their connection to land and cultural heritage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides fishing, what other use of oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers can potentially be a source of conflict?

    <p>Development and transportation routes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) in relation to the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA)?

    <p>It is a governmental body created to ensure the implementation of the Lesotho Highlands project in its area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of village-level clashes in Afghanistan in 2008?

    <p>Use of land and irrigation water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical connection is mentioned among Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt apart from sharing water resources?

    <p>Ethiopia and Egypt were exchanging popes for their Orthodox Churches during their past long history. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is managing shared water resources a complex issue?

    <p>Because governmental and jurisdictional boundaries often have differing priorities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to rational thinkers, what's the optimal way for riparian states to manage shared watercourses?

    <p>Inter-state formal cooperation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of national, regional, and international institutions in the context of shared watercourses?

    <p>To alleviate potential disputes arising from water use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's shared basins had bilateral conventions, according to the text?

    <p>67% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prevalence of bilateral agreements in multilateral basins suggest?

    <p>That many agreements intentionally exclude one or more riparian countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)?

    <p>To coordinate Nile basin resource management and socio-economic development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial step in creating the Nile Basin Initiative?

    <p>Creating TECCONILE. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research, what potential outcome will the shared use of watercourses lead to?

    <p>Benefits through inter-state formal cooperation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Shared Watercourses

    Rivers and lakes that cross multiple jurisdictions and countries.

    Riparian States

    Countries or jurisdictions located along a watercourse.

    Bilateral Conventions

    Agreements between two riparian states regarding water use.

    Multilateral Basins

    Water basins that are shared by three or more countries.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)

    A cooperative agreement aimed at managing Nile basin resources.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Conflict and Cooperation

    Debate between using shared watercourses for war or mutual benefit.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Water Management Agreements

    Organizing agreements to govern the use of shared water resources.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Institutional Frameworks

    National, regional, or international organizations aiding water resource management.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Natural Resource Conflict

    Disputes over accessing, controlling, and using natural resources.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Causes of Resource Conflict

    Factors that lead to disputes, including unmet needs and government priorities.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Consequences of Resource Conflict

    Outcomes of disputes, including violence and environmental damage.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Types of Resource Conflict

    Four main categories: secessionist, legal disputes, project grievances, and cumulative local clashes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Secessionist Conflicts

    Conflicts where resource-rich regions wish to break away from their country.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Legal Resource Disputes

    Conflicts arising from new national laws and frameworks concerning resource use.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Standalone Project Grievances

    Conflicts arising from specific projects like mines or dams.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cumulative Local Clashes

    Multiple small-scale conflicts over shared resources like land and livestock.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Ownership Issues

    Conflicts over who owns the resources and their management.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Power Allocation

    Disputes regarding who gets to manage and access resources.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Resource Revenue Distribution

    Conflicts about how the financial benefits of resources are shared.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Environmental Damage

    Harm caused to the environment by resource extraction activities.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Corruption and Administration Weakness

    Factors that exacerbate resource conflicts in many countries.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Examples of Resource Conflict

    Real-world cases where resource disputes have led to violence like in Darfur or Ecuador.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Population Growth and Scarcity

    Increasing populations lead to more competition over limited resources.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    TECCONILE

    An initial platform for Nile basin cooperation replaced by NBI in 1999.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Equitable Utilization

    Fair distribution of Nile water resources among riparian states.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA)

    Organization for managing water transfer from Lesotho to RSA.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Zambezi River Authority (ZRA)

    Bilateral organization managing Zambezi River use between Zambia and Zimbabwe.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)

    A coalition for improving power supply in Southern Africa created in 1995.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    International Joint Commission (IJC)

    Bilateral commission for managing water resources in the Great Lakes Region.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Potential Water Use

    The estimated feasible usage of available water resources.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Water Resource Conflict

    Disputes arising from competition over shared water resources.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Basin Organizations

    Groups established to manage and develop shared water resources in river basins.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Kagera Basin Organization (KBO)

    An organization for cooperation among Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania established in 1977.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA)

    Authority managing water projects in South Africa, specifically for the tunnel system.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Water Poverty

    Lack of sufficient clean water impacting socio-economic development.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Shared River Systems

    Water systems utilized by multiple countries or states.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Natural Resource Management

    Strategies for sustainably utilizing and preserving resources like water.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Timber Conflicts

    Disputes over the exploitation of timber resources in various countries.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fuel Scarcity

    The growing shortage of fuel resources affecting nations worldwide.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Conflict Minerals

    Valuable natural resources that contribute to armed conflicts.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Resource Conflict Causes

    Factors like exclusion, mismanagement, and inequality leading to disputes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Types of Conflict Expressions

    The various ways in which conflicts appear, like violence or sabotage.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Actors in Resource Conflict

    Different stakeholders involved in resource disputes, from locals to NGOs.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Conflict Resolution Strategies

    Methods used by communities to address conflicts, such as negotiation or coercion.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Avoidance

    Keeping a conflict hidden by not acknowledging it publicly.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Mediation

    Using a third party to aid in conflict negotiation without enforcing solutions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Adjudication

    Relying on a legal authority to make a binding decision in a conflict.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    River Basin Organizations

    • River and lake resources often cross jurisdictional boundaries, leading to diverse priorities and management challenges, especially internationally.
    • Long-term rational management of shared basin resources is difficult due to political and institutional complexities, requiring agreements between riparian states.
    • Governing rules are needed to harmonize relations among riparian societies and organizations for effective water use and management, maximizing human welfare and environmental protection.
    • Shared water resources are not inherently conflict-inducing, but cooperation can mitigate potential disputes.
    • National, regional, and international organizations are essential for managing shared watercourses and resolving disputes.
    • Many bilateral and multilateral conventions exist regarding shared international watercourses.
    • A significant portion (67%) of shared water basins have bilateral agreements, but a larger percentage of past agreements (79%) involved three or more parties.
    • Multilateral basin covenants often have a bilateral structure (2:1 ratio), sometimes excluding certain riparian states.
    • Examples of successful river basin organizations:
    • Nile Basin Initiative (NBI): Coordinated resource management and development in the Nile basin, initiated by six riparian states (Egypt, Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire) in 1992.
    • Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA): Transferred water from Lesotho to South Africa's industrial areas. Created in 1986.
    • Zambezi River Authority (ZRA): Bilateral organization for managing the Zambezi River and its Kariba Dam among other objectives.
    • Kagera Basin Organization (KBO): Regional cooperation to develop the potential of the basin. Founded 1977.
    • Southern African Power Pool (SAPP): Improvement of electrical power supply in Southern Africa. Founded 1995.
    • Southern African Regional Commission for Conservation and Utilization of the Soil (SARCCUS): Focuses on water and soil conservation.
    • US-Canada International Joint Commission (IJC): Addresses water management and environmental issues in the Great Lakes.

    Natural Resource Conflicts

    • Natural resources (water, air, land, forests, fish, wildlife, topsoil, and minerals) are essential for human livelihoods and significantly impact a nation's wealth and prestige.
    • Some resources are exhaustible (diamonds, minerals, oil) leading to asset scarcity and potential for conflict.
    • Resource conflicts typically involve:
    • Ownership of resources
    • Allocation of power to manage access and development
    • Distribution of resource revenues
    • Environmental and social damage from resource extraction
    • Multiple competing demands lead to continuous resource conflicts, but conflicts can be managed and resolved.
    • Water and pasture shortages, land disputes, fishing disputes, and conflicts over timber, fuel, and precious minerals (conflict minerals) often lead to conflict.

    Causes and Consequences of Resource Conflicts

    • Resource conflicts involve disputes over accessing, controlling, and using resources like forests, water, pastures, and land.
    • Conflicts occur when:
    • User groups are excluded from resource management.
    • Resources are poorly managed or inequitably shared.
    • Local and introduced management systems contradict each other.
    • Information about government policies is unclear.
    • Laws and policies are unclear or contradictory.
    • Unequal resource distribution exists.
    • Policies and programs are poorly implemented.
    • Conflicts may escalate to violence and cause environmental degradation and worsen livelihoods.
    • Conflicts can stem from:
    • Secessionist movements in resource-rich regions.
    • Disputes stemming from new laws and resource management frameworks.
    • Issues concerning specific projects (mines, dams, etc.)
    • Gradual escalation from small-scale clashes.

    Conflict Resolution Methods

    • Recognizing and handling resource conflicts is a necessity for sustainable development.
    • People may respond to conflicts in various ways including:
    • Avoidance
    • Coercion
    • Negotiation
    • Arbitration
    • Mediation
    • Adjudication

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the complexities of managing river basin organizations, especially concerning shared water resources that cross political boundaries. This quiz focuses on the cooperation required among riparian states to enhance effective water management and welfare. Delve into the significance of bilateral and multilateral agreements in resolving disputes over shared watercourses.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser