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Questions and Answers
What does the 95% CI of −1.2 to 0.1 mm for corn size at nine months indicate?
What does the 95% CI of −1.2 to 0.1 mm for corn size at nine months indicate?
- Statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
- Statistically significant and clinically important.
- Statistically significant and not clinically important.
- Not statistically significant but potentially clinically important. (correct)
At twelve months, a 95% CI of −1.7 to −0.2 mm suggests what about the difference in corn size?
At twelve months, a 95% CI of −1.7 to −0.2 mm suggests what about the difference in corn size?
- Statistically significant and not clinically important.
- Statistically significant and clinically important. (correct)
- Statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
- Not statistically significant and not clinically important.
What is the implication of a 95% CI of −1.5 to −0.5 mm at three months?
What is the implication of a 95% CI of −1.5 to −0.5 mm at three months?
- Statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
- Not statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
- Not statistically significant and not clinically important.
- Statistically significant and clinically important. (correct)
Which aspect is highlighted by a 95% CI that includes zero?
Which aspect is highlighted by a 95% CI that includes zero?
How does a CI that ranges from −1.2 to 0.1 mm impact your interpretation of the effectiveness of a treatment?
How does a CI that ranges from −1.2 to 0.1 mm impact your interpretation of the effectiveness of a treatment?
What conclusion can be drawn if the CI for a treatment effect is consistently below 0 mm?
What conclusion can be drawn if the CI for a treatment effect is consistently below 0 mm?
What does the null hypothesis (H0) typically state in hypothesis testing?
What does the null hypothesis (H0) typically state in hypothesis testing?
If the P-value from a trial is greater than the significance level α, what is the appropriate conclusion?
If the P-value from a trial is greater than the significance level α, what is the appropriate conclusion?
If a CI reports an interval of −1.7 to −0.2 mm, which statement is accurate?
If a CI reports an interval of −1.7 to −0.2 mm, which statement is accurate?
What significance level is commonly chosen for testing hypotheses?
What significance level is commonly chosen for testing hypotheses?
What does it mean if the CI shows values that are very close to zero?
What does it mean if the CI shows values that are very close to zero?
Which of the following is a necessary step to obtain a P-value during hypothesis testing?
Which of the following is a necessary step to obtain a P-value during hypothesis testing?
What does a statistically significant result imply?
What does a statistically significant result imply?
What is the relationship between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis?
What is the relationship between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis?
What is the purpose of setting a significance level in hypothesis testing?
What is the purpose of setting a significance level in hypothesis testing?
When is a result considered unlikely if the null hypothesis is true?
When is a result considered unlikely if the null hypothesis is true?
What does it indicate if the 95% confidence interval (CI) includes zero?
What does it indicate if the 95% confidence interval (CI) includes zero?
What is the relationship between confidence intervals and p-values in hypothesis testing?
What is the relationship between confidence intervals and p-values in hypothesis testing?
How is the Z value calculated in a large sample Z-test for comparing two independent means?
How is the Z value calculated in a large sample Z-test for comparing two independent means?
What does a low risk of death from drinking one alcoholic drink per day imply?
What does a low risk of death from drinking one alcoholic drink per day imply?
What is one reason why confidence intervals (CIs) are considered useful in medical research?
What is one reason why confidence intervals (CIs) are considered useful in medical research?
What should be included when presenting results of a hypothesis test?
What should be included when presenting results of a hypothesis test?
Which of the following is true about the selection of statistical methods in research?
Which of the following is true about the selection of statistical methods in research?
What is indicated by a p-value that is small in hypothesis testing?
What is indicated by a p-value that is small in hypothesis testing?
What is the null hypothesis (H0) regarding the mean distance walked in patients with COPD?
What is the null hypothesis (H0) regarding the mean distance walked in patients with COPD?
What significance level is commonly chosen for hypothesis testing?
What significance level is commonly chosen for hypothesis testing?
What does a P-value represent in hypothesis testing?
What does a P-value represent in hypothesis testing?
What does a large P-value indicate about the null hypothesis?
What does a large P-value indicate about the null hypothesis?
If the P-value is 0.05, what does this indicate about the null hypothesis?
If the P-value is 0.05, what does this indicate about the null hypothesis?
What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
What is the correct definition of a Type I error?
What is the correct definition of a Type I error?
Which statement correctly describes P-values in hypothesis testing?
Which statement correctly describes P-values in hypothesis testing?
What does the power of a study measure?
What does the power of a study measure?
What can be concluded from a P-value of 0.010 in a hypothesis test?
What can be concluded from a P-value of 0.010 in a hypothesis test?
In hypothesis testing, a result can be statistically significant but not clinically significant. What does this mean?
In hypothesis testing, a result can be statistically significant but not clinically significant. What does this mean?
What does the term 'statistically significant' imply?
What does the term 'statistically significant' imply?
How can the risk of a Type I error be affected by changing the significance level?
How can the risk of a Type I error be affected by changing the significance level?
What can be inferred if a hypothesis test yields a P-value less than the significance level?
What can be inferred if a hypothesis test yields a P-value less than the significance level?
Why might a small sample size affect the P-value in hypothesis testing?
Why might a small sample size affect the P-value in hypothesis testing?
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between statistical significance and clinical significance?
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between statistical significance and clinical significance?
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Study Notes
Risks of Alcohol Consumption
- Drinking one alcoholic drink per day results in a low risk of death, affecting about 4 out of 100,000 individuals annually.
- This risk is significantly lower than other risks such as driving a car.
Confidence Intervals and Statistical Significance
- A 95% confidence interval (CI) that does not include zero, or the value specified in the null hypothesis, indicates a statistically significant result in a hypothesis test.
- A 95% CI including zero, or the null hypothesis value, suggests a non-significant result.
- CIs provide information on the magnitude and uncertainty of the effect being estimated, offering more comprehensive insights than solely relying on p-values.
- Combining both p-value and CI is recommended to understand the significance and effect size, aiding clinical decision-making.
Hypothesis Testing
- The null hypothesis assumes no difference between groups, while the alternative hypothesis proposes a difference.
- The significance level (alpha, α) determines the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis. Typically, α is set at 0.05 (5%).
- The p-value represents the probability of observing the observed results or more extreme results if the null hypothesis were true.
- If the p-value is less than α, the results are considered statistically significant, rejecting the null hypothesis.
- If the p-value is greater than α, the null hypothesis is not rejected.
- Statistical significance does not automatically imply clinical significance or practical importance.
Power of a Study
- The power of a study is defined as 1 minus the probability of a Type II error (β).
- Type II error occurs when failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
- High power indicates a reduced risk of a Type II error, increasing the likelihood of detecting a true effect.
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