Risks and Statistics in Alcohol Consumption
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Questions and Answers

What does the 95% CI of −1.2 to 0.1 mm for corn size at nine months indicate?

  • Statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
  • Statistically significant and clinically important.
  • Statistically significant and not clinically important.
  • Not statistically significant but potentially clinically important. (correct)

    • At twelve months, a 95% CI of −1.7 to −0.2 mm suggests what about the difference in corn size?

  • Statistically significant and not clinically important.
  • Statistically significant and clinically important. (correct)
  • Statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
  • Not statistically significant and not clinically important.

    • What is the implication of a 95% CI of −1.5 to −0.5 mm at three months?

  • Statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
  • Not statistically significant and potentially clinically important.
  • Not statistically significant and not clinically important.
  • Statistically significant and clinically important. (correct)

    • Which aspect is highlighted by a 95% CI that includes zero?

    <p>There is no statistically significant difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a CI that ranges from −1.2 to 0.1 mm impact your interpretation of the effectiveness of a treatment?

    <p>It suggests no reliable effect of the treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn if the CI for a treatment effect is consistently below 0 mm?

    <p>The treatment shows negative effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the null hypothesis (H0) typically state in hypothesis testing?

    <p>There is no change in the measured outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the P-value from a trial is greater than the significance level α, what is the appropriate conclusion?

    <p>The null hypothesis is accepted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a CI reports an interval of −1.7 to −0.2 mm, which statement is accurate?

    <p>The results are statistically significant and clinically important.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance level is commonly chosen for testing hypotheses?

    <p>0.05 or 5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if the CI shows values that are very close to zero?

    <p>The treatment results are not clinically significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a necessary step to obtain a P-value during hypothesis testing?

    <p>Calculate a test statistic from the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a statistically significant result imply?

    <p>The data supports the alternative hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis?

    <p>The null hypothesis is assumed to be true until evidence suggests otherwise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting a significance level in hypothesis testing?

    <p>To establish a threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a result considered unlikely if the null hypothesis is true?

    <p>When the P-value is less than or equal to the significance level α.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if the 95% confidence interval (CI) includes zero?

    <p>The hypothesis test will return a non-significant result.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between confidence intervals and p-values in hypothesis testing?

    <p>Confidence intervals indicate the magnitude and precision of the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Z value calculated in a large sample Z-test for comparing two independent means?

    <p>Z = d / SE_Pooled(d)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low risk of death from drinking one alcoholic drink per day imply?

    <p>It represents a very low health risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why confidence intervals (CIs) are considered useful in medical research?

    <p>CIs help estimate the magnitude and consistency of treatment effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included when presenting results of a hypothesis test?

    <p>Both the P-value and the confidence interval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the selection of statistical methods in research?

    <p>Confidence intervals must be reported where appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a p-value that is small in hypothesis testing?

    <p>Results are unlikely if the null hypothesis is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the null hypothesis (H0) regarding the mean distance walked in patients with COPD?

    <p>There is no difference in the mean distance walked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance level is commonly chosen for hypothesis testing?

    <p>0.05</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a P-value represent in hypothesis testing?

    <p>The likelihood of observing the results if the null hypothesis is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a large P-value indicate about the null hypothesis?

    <p>The results are likely to occur if the null hypothesis is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the P-value is 0.05, what does this indicate about the null hypothesis?

    <p>There is insufficient evidence to reject it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?

    <p>Rejecting a true null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of a Type I error?

    <p>Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes P-values in hypothesis testing?

    <p>The P-value assesses the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the power of a study measure?

    <p>The likelihood of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded from a P-value of 0.010 in a hypothesis test?

    <p>The result is statistically significant at a 0.05 level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypothesis testing, a result can be statistically significant but not clinically significant. What does this mean?

    <p>The statistical result is irrelevant to clinical practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'statistically significant' imply?

    <p>The results are unlikely to have occurred by random chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the risk of a Type I error be affected by changing the significance level?

    <p>Increasing the significance level from 1% to 5% raises the risk of Type I error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred if a hypothesis test yields a P-value less than the significance level?

    <p>There is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a small sample size affect the P-value in hypothesis testing?

    <p>A small sample size can lead to less reliable P-values due to variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the relationship between statistical significance and clinical significance?

    <p>Clinical significance must be determined separately from statistical significance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Risks of Alcohol Consumption

    • Drinking one alcoholic drink per day results in a low risk of death, affecting about 4 out of 100,000 individuals annually.
    • This risk is significantly lower than other risks such as driving a car.

    Confidence Intervals and Statistical Significance

    • A 95% confidence interval (CI) that does not include zero, or the value specified in the null hypothesis, indicates a statistically significant result in a hypothesis test.
    • A 95% CI including zero, or the null hypothesis value, suggests a non-significant result.
    • CIs provide information on the magnitude and uncertainty of the effect being estimated, offering more comprehensive insights than solely relying on p-values.
    • Combining both p-value and CI is recommended to understand the significance and effect size, aiding clinical decision-making.

    Hypothesis Testing

    • The null hypothesis assumes no difference between groups, while the alternative hypothesis proposes a difference.
    • The significance level (alpha, α) determines the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis. Typically, α is set at 0.05 (5%).
    • The p-value represents the probability of observing the observed results or more extreme results if the null hypothesis were true.
    • If the p-value is less than α, the results are considered statistically significant, rejecting the null hypothesis.
    • If the p-value is greater than α, the null hypothesis is not rejected.
    • Statistical significance does not automatically imply clinical significance or practical importance.

    Power of a Study

    • The power of a study is defined as 1 minus the probability of a Type II error (β).
    • Type II error occurs when failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
    • High power indicates a reduced risk of a Type II error, increasing the likelihood of detecting a true effect.

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    Hypothesis Testing, P Values and Statistical Inference MD115 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the risks associated with alcohol consumption and the importance of confidence intervals and hypothesis testing in understanding statistical significance. Participants will learn how statistical methods can provide insights into the effects of alcohol, helping to inform better health decisions.

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