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Questions and Answers
What does the Chi Square (X2) test primarily measure?
What does the Chi Square (X2) test primarily measure?
What does the term Poka Yoke refer to?
What does the term Poka Yoke refer to?
Which of the following describes dynamic risk assessment?
Which of the following describes dynamic risk assessment?
Which of the following is NOT part of NIOSH's three-step process for conducting occupational risk assessments?
Which of the following is NOT part of NIOSH's three-step process for conducting occupational risk assessments?
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In risk management, what is the primary goal?
In risk management, what is the primary goal?
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What does the 'failure' mean in the context of risk analysis?
What does the 'failure' mean in the context of risk analysis?
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Which of the following concepts is essential to Process Safety Management?
Which of the following concepts is essential to Process Safety Management?
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What characterizes fail-safe passive systems?
What characterizes fail-safe passive systems?
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Which principle suggests that a person's promotion can lead to their incompetence?
Which principle suggests that a person's promotion can lead to their incompetence?
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What is the purpose of the Poka yoke manufacturing technique?
What is the purpose of the Poka yoke manufacturing technique?
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Which of these is NOT a type of control measure mentioned?
Which of these is NOT a type of control measure mentioned?
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What does the Chi Square statistic measure in risk analysis?
What does the Chi Square statistic measure in risk analysis?
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What does ASTM International signify?
What does ASTM International signify?
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Which principle explains that employees are promoted until they reach a level where they cannot perform effectively?
Which principle explains that employees are promoted until they reach a level where they cannot perform effectively?
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What is the primary focus of Poka Yoke?
What is the primary focus of Poka Yoke?
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Which of the following controls includes barriers and guards?
Which of the following controls includes barriers and guards?
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Which statistic is used to compare a population mean to a sample mean?
Which statistic is used to compare a population mean to a sample mean?
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What does the term 'Fail Safe Active' refer to?
What does the term 'Fail Safe Active' refer to?
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Which principle suggests that a small portion of employees is responsible for the majority of results?
Which principle suggests that a small portion of employees is responsible for the majority of results?
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What is a key feature of an indemnification agreement?
What is a key feature of an indemnification agreement?
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What does the Z-score measure in a normal distribution?
What does the Z-score measure in a normal distribution?
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What standard aids in establishing occupational safety and health management systems?
What standard aids in establishing occupational safety and health management systems?
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What is the primary purpose of safety and health programs in the workplace?
What is the primary purpose of safety and health programs in the workplace?
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Which type of risk is characterized by having no potential for profit or loss?
Which type of risk is characterized by having no potential for profit or loss?
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In the framework of hazard management, which step involves gathering information and analyzing risks?
In the framework of hazard management, which step involves gathering information and analyzing risks?
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Which control measures aim to reduce the likelihood of risk occurrence or consequences?
Which control measures aim to reduce the likelihood of risk occurrence or consequences?
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What assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not directly cause the injury?
What assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not directly cause the injury?
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Petersen's Accident/Incident Theory emphasizes which two primary causes of accidents?
Petersen's Accident/Incident Theory emphasizes which two primary causes of accidents?
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What is the purpose of reinsurance in the context of insurance?
What is the purpose of reinsurance in the context of insurance?
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What approach does the Human Factors Theory advocate for understanding accidents?
What approach does the Human Factors Theory advocate for understanding accidents?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?
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What is the proper formula for calculating compensation cost?
What is the proper formula for calculating compensation cost?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the Behavior-Based Safety process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the Behavior-Based Safety process?
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What condition is crucial for increasing the likelihood of success in safety management?
What condition is crucial for increasing the likelihood of success in safety management?
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Which of the following resources is NOT used for the extraction of critical behaviors?
Which of the following resources is NOT used for the extraction of critical behaviors?
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What characteristic of consequences has the greatest impact on employee behavior?
What characteristic of consequences has the greatest impact on employee behavior?
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According to modern management theory, how must consequences be structured?
According to modern management theory, how must consequences be structured?
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Which principle is NOT one of the seven principles for auditing according to ISO 19011?
Which principle is NOT one of the seven principles for auditing according to ISO 19011?
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What does occurrence insurance cover?
What does occurrence insurance cover?
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What is the first step in the Behavior-Based Safety process?
What is the first step in the Behavior-Based Safety process?
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Which of the following conditions contributes to effective employee empowerment and participation in safety?
Which of the following conditions contributes to effective employee empowerment and participation in safety?
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Study Notes
Dynamic Risk Assessments
- Workers commonly use dynamic risk assessments, including emergency service workers, tradespeople, care workers, retail staff, and security operatives.
Formal Hazard Analysis
- Two types of formal hazard analysis are inductive and deductive.
- Inductive analysis is bottom-up, future-oriented, and hypothetical, based on experience and conclusions (examples include FEMA, FEMCA, and FHA).
- Deductive analysis is top-down, future-oriented, and concludes future behavior from a number of premises (examples include FTA, Fishbone, and General to Specific).
Cost Types
- Tangible costs are immediately apparent, such as purchasing products, paying employees, and equipment maintenance.
- Intangible costs are indirect and their effects are perceived later in the future, such as risk.
Risk Management
- Defined as the eradication or minimization of adverse effects from risks.
- Risk homeostasis: a theory that people compare their perceived risk level to a target level and adjust their behavior accordingly.
- System availability is a measure of an item's ability to be operable and usable.
Analysis Techniques
- Fault tree analysis is an example of deductive analysis that begins with a top-level event and logically determines its causes.
- No single method completely evaluates a product.
Control Measures
- Examples include avoidance of hazards, engineering controls to eliminate them, limiting exposure time, providing protective equipment and safety devices, and using warning signs.
Risk Management Process
- Key steps include hazard identification, hazard assessment, developing controls, decision-making, implementation, and supervision/evaluation.
- Types of controls include educational, physical, and avoidance.
Insurance
- Reinsurance is insurance between a primary and secondary insurer, where the secondary insurer covers part of the primary insurer's losses.
- Retrocession is the portion of risk a company chooses not to retain.
Human Factors Theory
- Yates' theory: accidents can be categorized as overload, inappropriate worker response, and inappropriate worker activities.
- Front-line supervisors conduct incident investigations.
- Petersen's theory: accident causes are human error and/or system failure.
Vicarious Liability
- Liability assigned to a person who didn't cause the injury but has a legal relationship to the negligent person.
Risk Communication
- Seven cardinal rules (Covello and Allen 1988) include accepting the public as partners, listening to public concerns, being honest, and working with other credible sources.
Risk Calculation
- Compensation cost is calculated (gross / profit margin %).
- Loss ratio is calculated (losses / (E modifier X manual premium)).
- CBA ratio is calculated as (Benefits / Cost).
Statistical Concepts
- Z score (Z) determines the location of a score in a normal distribution.
- T-test (t) compares population mean to a sample mean (typically a small sample).
- Chi-square (X2) measures the "goodness of fit" between observed and expected values, often used with frequency tables.
- Standard deviation (SD) provides measures of variability (1SD =+/-68%, 2SD = +/-95%, 3SD = +/- 99.7%).
Miscellaneous
- ASTM International and ANSI (American National Standards Institute) are organizations.
- NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) is a standards organization.
Poka-Yoke
- A Japanese term that means "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention", utilized in manufacturing to prevent or detect errors.
- It is preventative rather than corrective
Process Safety Management
- ANSI/AIHA Z10 is a standard for setting OSH (Occupational Safety and Health) management systems.
Criteria for Controls
- Support, standards, training, and leadership are all crucial for effective controls.
- Sufficient personnel, equipment, supplies, and facilities aid in effective controls.
- Clear, practical, and specific guidelines and procedures are also crucial.
Risk Categories
- Pure risk: Risks beyond human control (e.g., fires, floods).
- Speculative risk: Risks voluntarily taken (e.g., gambling).
Risk Assessment
- NIOSH's three-step process involves identifying hazards, assessing exposure response relationships, and characterizing workplace risks.
Risk Communication
- The Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication are valuable for effectively conveying risk.
Insurance and Liability
- Occurrence insurance covers incidents during the policy period.
- Claims-made insurance covers incidents when the insurer is notified of the claim.
- Reinsurance is an agreement between insurers.
Preliminary Hazard Analysis
- A technique used to evaluate hazards during the initial product design and manufacturing stages.
Failure Rate and Success Rate
- Failure rate: the ratio of failures to attempts.
- Success rate: the ratio of successes to attempts.
Critical Incident Technique
- A method for identifying errors and unsafe conditions that result in injurious accidents within a population.
Accident/Incident Theory
- Petersen's theory: accident causes are human error and/or system failure
Incident Investigation
- Front-line supervisors are responsible for investigating incidents.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in dynamic risk assessments and formal hazard analysis. It distinguishes between tangible and intangible costs and explores the principles of risk management. Test your knowledge of both inductive and deductive analysis methods.
