Rise of Nation States

• Rise of Nation States involves Pamahalaan noong sinaunang panahon Pagkakabuo ng mga bansa

Rise of Nation-States and the Formation of Countries

• Countries today were preceded by a historical progression of events
• Formation of Kinships involved societies banding together into tribes
• Chiefdoms emerged as tribes formed permanent settlements near rivers, capitalizing on agriculture
• Humans built settlements near rivers, allowing for agricultural revolution
• Ur was the first established city, while Sumer was the first empire
• Ancient empires started with birth of civilizations, when permanent settlements turned into cities
• Humans began building groups of cities
• Mesopotamia is recognized as the first recorded form of civilization
• Empires arose when civilizations conquered one another, expanding across continents
• Mesopotamia was conquered by the Persian Empire, which was considered the first superpower
• The Persian Empire was defeated by the Roman Empire, deemed the "eternal empire."
• The Roman Empire eventually fell due to attacks from Germanic tribes, or barbarians
• Medieval kingdoms emerged with barbarians forming small kingdoms from disintegrated Roman provinces. This system is known as feudalism
• National kingdoms unified as small medieval kingdoms merged to form larger sovereign states
• The Peace of Westphalia marked the first international agreement providing modern diplomatic frameworks
• The Age of Colonization began as national kingdoms explored unknown lands in Asia, Africa, and America, becoming colonizers
• Nation-states rose as colonies revolted against their colonizers
• The American and French Revolutions gave the idea for countries to be ruled by it's people
• Many countries were liberated as a result of the 20th century World Wars
• World War I led to the creation of the League of Nations
• Following World War II, the United Nations was established
• Countries grouped together into a single entity, United Nations

United Nations (UN)

• The global organization tasked with maintaining peace and security worldwide
• The UN's primary goal is to maintain peace

History of the United Nations

• The League of Nations, established after World War I, was intended to prevent another major war (the old name for WWI)
• The League of Nations was a precursor to the United Nations
• The United Nations was formed in 1945 to prevent another world war and to maintain global peace and security

Main Organs of the United Nations

• UN General Assembly is the representative and policy-making organ referred to as the "Town meeting of the world"
• UN Security Council is tasked with maintaining international peace and security, with five permanent members: China, France, Russia, UK, and USA
• UN Economic and Social Council is responsible for maintaining and formulating global economic and social policies and standards
• Trusteeship Council oversaw the transition of trust territories from colonies to sovereign nations
• International Court of Justice is responsible for settling disputes between member states, known as the "Court of countries”
• UN Secretariat carries out the day-to-day operations of the United Nations

Specialized Groups of United Nations:

• International Court of Justice (ICJ) serves as the primary judicial body of the UN, settling disputes and addressing legal matters between member states
• International Criminal Court investigates and tries individuals charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) oversees global monetary cooperation and promotes secure financial stability through loans
• International Police (Interpol) oversees 19 police databases containing details on crimes and criminals
• World Health Organization (WHO) manages the international standards for public health
• World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is dedicated to protecting the world's wildlife through conservation efforts for endangered species
• World Trade Organization (WTO) oversees rules for global trade and facilitates smooth trade practices between nation-states
• World Economic Forum is a forum of businessmen around the world who shares their good practices in business
• World Bank: Global bank that aims to fight poverty through loans

Global Governance and Organizations

• Non-Government Organizations are funded by the private sector through donations, grants, and rights

Nation States vs Government Organizations

• Nation or separated race refers to organizations established and funded by the government
• The term "Nation" refers to a separated race or group of interconnected people, often linked by ethnicity

Elements of a Nation

• Common Identity
• Common History
• Common Language
• Common culture
• The recognition of themselves as a "Common" people

State

• A political community residing in a defined territory with an organized government, referred to as "government"

Elements of a State:

• Territory is the occupied area of the people
• Government administers the state
• Population is the individuals that makes up the state
• Sovereignty is the freedom to rule the country
• Recognition by the foreign community

Elements of State

• I. Territory is the occupied area of a country
• Types of Territory: Terrestrial, Fluvial and Aerial
• Fluvial includes internal (inland) waters, territorial waters (archipelagic waters), and open seas (high seas)
• Russia is the largest country by territorial size, while Vatican City State is the smallest
• Indonesia is the largest archipelago
• Bolivia, Mongolia, and Liechtenstein are landlocked countries
• Mongolia is the only landlocked country with an official navy
• Liechtenstein is the most doubly landlocked country in the world
• II. Government is created to administer the state
• Purpose of Government: Social Contract (taking care of people in exchange for their absolute freedom)

Types of Government

• Government by 1 person
• Government by few persons
• Government by many persons
• South Sudan is the newest country in the world formed in 2010
• East Timor (Timor Leste) is the newest country in Southeast Asia formed in 2022

Types of Government by 1 person with Examples

• Dictatorship: ruled by a single dictator (e.g., Syrian Dictator Bashir Al Assad)
• Totalitarian: with a Supreme Leader (e.g., North Korea Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un)
• Monarchy: ruled by a Monarch (Ex: United Kingdom King George III

Types of Monarchy

• Absolute Monarchy (e.g., Saudi Arabia King Al Saud)
• Constitutional Monarchy (e.g., Japanese Emperor Naruhito)
• Government by Few persons
• Oligarchy: ruled by few people
• Theocracy: ruled by religious people (e.g., Iran ruled by Muslim priest government called Ayatollah, Vatican City ruled by the Catholic Church government called "Holy See")
• Government by many persons

Types of Government by Many Persons

• Federal - government divides power between central and regional governments (e.g., USA)
• USA only country with Electoral vote system, like Russia and Malaysia
• Republic - government divides power into 3 branches (Executive, Legislative and Judiciary) (e.g., Philippines)
• Philippines has a Partylist representative system in Congress
• Population involves the people occupying the state
• Citizenship is the legal identification
• Nationality refers to ethnicity
• Citizenship is determined by Jus Soli (birth or soil) or Jus Sanguinis (blood or parent)
• Spanish citizenship is available to citizens of former colonies of Spain after two years of legal residency
• Arab nations encompass various nationalities living in the Middle East (excluding Israel) and North Africa, forming the Arab world

Sovereignty

• Freedom from control and the freedom to govern the state
• Internal involves freedom to rule the country
• External involves freedom from foreign control
• Puerto Rico has its own citizenship and government, it lacks external sovereignty as it is an unincorporated territory of the United States
• Recognition is acceptance as a country by other countries

Cases of Sovereignty

• While Taiwan has its government and citizens, but because Taiwan is claimed by China as Taiwan Island is a province it's not a full pledged country
• Hong Kong and Macau have their own laws, government, and culture, they are Special Administrative Regions of China.