79 Questions
What is the core belief of individuals with high Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?
Preference for maintaining group hierarchies
Which occupation is more likely to be chosen by individuals high in Social Dominance Orientation?
Business
According to research, individuals with high SDO are typically characterized by a strong belief in:
Hard work and its rewards
How do dominant groups generally score on the Social Dominance Orientation scale?
Higher on average
Which political inclination is associated with being more likely to have a high Social Dominance Orientation?
Conservative
What does Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) predict in terms of group superiority?
Endorsing the superiority of certain groups.
In the context of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), what does high in-group loyalty entail?
Demanding loyalty to the group's values and norms.
What is the primary focus of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) as described in the text?
Value conflicts.
How does the combination of high SDO and high RWA affect an individual's behavior?
Leads to joining hate groups that endorse aggression against minority groups.
What do extreme scores on Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) predict in terms of biases against outgroups?
Biases against outgroups while demanding in-group loyalty.
What is the main difference between conformity and obedience?
Conformity is the tendency to act and think like those around you, while obedience is submission to authority.
What was the main finding of the Asch conformity experiment conducted at Swarthmore College?
75% of participants conformed at least once, and 5% conformed every time, with an average conformity rate of 37%.
What factor was found to help people resist conformity in the Asch experiment?
The presence of a single dissenting voice among the confederates.
Which of the following factors was found to increase conformity in replications of the Asch experiment?
Increased age of the participants.
What is the key difference between conformity and obedience as described in the text?
Conformity is the tendency to act and think like those around you, while obedience is the tendency to resist authority.
What term is used to describe the process when individuals conform because they are uncertain and look to others for guidance?
Informational influence
In which type of culture is there typically more conformity, as mentioned in the text?
Collectivist cultures like Japan
What reason for conformity is highlighted in the text as placing a higher value on group goals over individual preferences?
Collectivist culture
What influences students to binge drink based on their perception of others' drinking behavior?
Descriptive norm
In what type of countries do people typically conform significantly less when they believe others will not hear their responses?
Individualistic countries
According to the passage, what helped convince the author of the value of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
Evidence that IAT scores correlated with bias in funding decisions for student groups
According to the passage, what is a characteristic of individuals with a social dominance orientation?
They tend to be more explicit about their biases
According to the passage, what is a characteristic of right-wing authoritarians?
They can be quite open about their biases
According to the passage, what is a characteristic of prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in the 20th century?
They became more subtle, automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent
According to the passage, what was the author's initial attitude toward the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
The author was skeptical of its usefulness for a few years
How do schemas and heuristics differ in terms of complexity?
Heuristics are simpler than schemas.
What aspect does the representativeness heuristic focus on when judging the likelihood of an object belonging to a category?
Physical appearance
How do decisions based on representational heuristics usually overlook?
Frequent occurrences
What factor is crucial to consider when determining if someone is an English professor based on the text's example?
Population statistics
What aspect of an individual's appearance and activity at a restaurant might lead to a representational heuristic judgment about their profession?
Reading Sylvia Plath
According to the passage, what is the purpose of recognizing that we naturally stereotype and overestimate salient events?
To avoid making incorrect social judgments
What does the passage suggest about the influence of our motivations, moods, and desires on social judgment?
They can distort our thinking about others
According to the passage, what is a potential limitation of relying on social heuristics and schemas?
They occasionally result in incorrect judgments
What does the passage imply about our tendency to make quick decisions about the social world?
It is a design feature of our brain
According to the passage, what is a potential consequence of motivated skepticism?
We are less critical of evidence that agrees with our beliefs
What is the primary difference between stereotypes and prejudice as described in the text?
Stereotypes are about groups, while prejudice is about individuals.
What is the primary purpose of stereotypes according to the text?
To effectively navigate social situations and make decisions.
Which of the following statements about stereotypes is true?
Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral.
What is the primary reason why people use stereotypes, according to the text?
To effectively navigate social situations and make decisions.
Which of the following statements about stereotypes is true?
Stereotypes, even if generally correct, may not apply to every member of the group.
According to the passage, which of the following is a key characteristic of how individuals use cognitive shortcuts to navigate the social world?
They rely on stereotypes and heuristics to make quick decisions.
What is the primary reason the passage suggests that social psychology likely started a bit later than the founding of modern psychology in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt was more focused on the study of language and its social influences.
According to the passage, which of the following is a key characteristic of stereotyping and prejudice in the 20th century?
They persisted despite growing awareness of their negative consequences.
What is a key difference between conformity and obedience as described in the text?
Conformity involves changing one's behavior to match the group, while obedience involves following the direct orders of an authority figure.
According to the passage, what is a key characteristic of individuals with a high Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?
They have a strong belief in group-based hierarchies and the superiority of dominant groups.
What is the primary function of schemas in social cognition?
To help us quickly categorize and interpret new information and experiences
Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?
Attributing a person's aggressive behavior to their inherent personality traits while ignoring situational influences
Which of the following is an example of a heuristic in social cognition?
All of the above
What is the primary reason for the persistence of stereotypes and prejudices in social cognition?
All of the above contribute to the persistence of stereotypes and prejudices
According to the passage, what is a key process in adapting to new experiences in social cognition?
Both assimilation and accommodation are involved in adapting to new experiences
What phenomenon refers to the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task, as described in the text?
Planning fallacy
Which term is used to describe the ability of perceivers to make accurate inferences about others' emotional states based on limited information?
Thin-slice judgments
In social cognition, what concept involves individuals making judgments based on the ease with which information comes to mind?
Priming effect
What term describes the process by which individuals predict their future emotions based on current events or decisions?
Affective forecasting
What is a common consequence of underestimating the time needed to complete tasks?
Planning fallacy outcomes
What does the 'durability bias' refer to, according to the text?
The tendency for people to overestimate how long positive and negative events will affect them.
What does the 'impact bias' refer to, according to the text?
The tendency for people to overestimate the intensity of their future feelings.
What is a key challenge in measuring implicit (not plainly expressed) attitudes?
People are unwilling to admit their biases, even to themselves.
What is the main reason the text suggests students might undertake ambitious behaviors, even if it leads to all-nighters?
They underestimate how long or involved their projects will be.
What is the primary reason the text suggests that people sometimes hold biases they are not fully aware of?
They are reluctant to admit their biases, even to themselves.
According to the passage, which of the following is a key process in how individuals adapt to new experiences in social cognition?
Accommodation, where existing schemas are modified to fit new information
According to Jean Piaget's theory, what is the primary function of schemas in social cognition?
To represent the various things we encounter in our daily lives
Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic in social cognition, as described in the passage?
Overestimating the frequency of salient or memorable events
What is the primary reason the passage suggests that priming can influence our social judgments and decisions?
Priming activates related concepts and information in our memory
What concept is exemplified by the idea that helping one's relatives is encoded in our DNA for evolutionary purposes?
Kin selection
Which evolutionary psychology principle suggests that humans are helpful in ways that promote the passing on of their DNA to future generations?
Kin selection
What aspect of our evolutionary past does the text suggest may influence our likelihood to help those closest to us, such as blood-related relatives?
Hereditary consequences
Which psychological model proposes that individuals may help others due to a selfless and altruistic motive, even if it does not provide direct benefits?
Empathy-altruism model
In the context of evolutionary forces influencing human behavior, which factor relates to the idea of helping others based on the expectation of receiving help in return?
Egoistic concerns
What are the two major characteristics related to prosocial personality and behavior according to Louis Penner's research?
Other-oriented empathy and helpfulness
What is a key factor that influences whether an individual is likely to be helpful in the future?
Belief in the effectiveness of help provided
What psychological factor is associated with individuals who have a heightened sense of moral obligation to be helpful?
Empathy-altruism model
How does Louis Penner's prosocial personality orientation differ from focusing on a single trait?
It considers multiple factors like empathy and helpfulness
Which theory suggests that individuals may be motivated to help others out of genuine concern rather than for personal gain?
Empathy-altruism model
According to the passage, what is the key factor that distinguishes altruistic helping from egoistic helping?
Altruistic helpers empathize with the victim and prioritize their well-being
Which of the following best describes the primary difference between altruistically motivated helpers and egoistically motivated helpers, according to the passage?
Altruistically motivated helpers are willing to incur costs to benefit others, while egoistically motivated helpers are primarily concerned with their own outcomes
According to the empathy-altruism model, what is the primary motivation for altruistic helping behavior?
The feeling of empathic concern for the victim's well-being
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of pluralistic ignorance in relation to altruistic helping behavior?
People often underestimate the extent to which others share their empathic concern for victims
Which of the following factors is likely to influence an individual's prosocial personality orientation, according to the passage?
Evolutionary forces that favor cooperation and group cohesion
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