Right to Information Act 2005 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key consideration when recommending an unremunerative halt station, regarding the availability of public transportation?

  • The distance between the proposed halt and the nearest station.
  • The impact on the movement of freight trains.
  • The availability of public transport within 2 km of the neighboring villages. (correct)
  • The financial implications of establishing the halt station.
  • When are proposals for halt stations discouraged, even with proper justification?

  • When the proposed halt is near a block hut.
  • When the line capacity exceeds 100%. (correct)
  • When the financial implications are significant.
  • When the proposed halt is in a suburban area.
  • What aspect is NOT accounted for when calculating the financial implications of a proposed halt station?

  • Impact on the movement of freight trains.
  • Cost of train stoppage.
  • Cost of constructing new amenities.
  • Shramdan (voluntary labor). (correct)
  • What information is required in the proposal report beyond the financial implications?

    <p>A sketch map showing the location of the halt station and its surroundings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an operational feasibility aspect that must be considered for a new halt station?

    <p>The impact on the running time of subsequent trains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the Right to Information Act 2005?

    <p>To grant citizens the right to obtain information from public authorities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of what date did the Right to Information Act 2005 become fully effective?

    <p>12.10.2005 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered 'information' under the Right to Information Act?

    <p>Data held by private entities not accessible to public authorities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the Right to Information Act, when submitting an application, what is required of the applicant?

    <p>To specify details pertaining to the information requested (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the Right to Information Act allows citizens to inspect documents and obtain certified copies?

    <p>Section 2J (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Third Party' refer to in the context of the Right to Information Act?

    <p>Any person other than the citizen requesting information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about application fees under the Right to Information Act is correct?

    <p>Some applications may not require a fee depending on the information requested (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fee for obtaining a photocopy of a document per page?

    <p>Rs 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration allowed to provide information related to the life and liberty of a person?

    <p>48 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if information is not provided within the stipulated time frame?

    <p>It is considered a refusal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of information is NOT available according to the document?

    <p>Statistical data for public use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fee for inspecting records after the first hour?

    <p>Rs 5 for every 15 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration for which a first appeal must be disposed of?

    <p>30 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT require approval from the Central or State Information Commission to obtain?

    <p>Publicly available government reports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application fee for information?

    <p>Rs 10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does one have to submit a second appeal if the first appeal is not satisfactory?

    <p>90 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can an applicant complain about to the Information Commission?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What authority does the Information Commission have regarding official appointments?

    <p>May order the appointment of Public Information Officers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum fine that can be imposed by the Information Commission for non-compliance?

    <p>Rs. 250 per day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions can lead to penalties imposed by the Information Commission?

    <p>Refusal to furnish information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often does the Information Commission report its findings to the government?

    <p>Annually (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of training for Public Information Officers according to the outlined obligations?

    <p>It is essential for improving service delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could potentially result in disciplinary action against a Public Information Officer?

    <p>Destroying important documents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Central Information Commission located?

    <p>New Delhi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of traffic do new passenger halts cater to?

    <p>Only passenger traffic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal framework governs the challenges against decisions of the Information Commission?

    <p>Article 225 of the Constitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criteria for opening a Halt Station under the General Manager's power?

    <p>There must be financial justification for opening the Halt Station. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum distance a proposed Halt Station must be from existing stations in a non-suburban area?

    <p>5 Kms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the conditions for opening a Halt Station under GM's power are not fulfilled, what is the next step?

    <p>Send a recommendation to the Railway Board with GM's personal approval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What financial implications must be considered for an unremunerative Halt Station proposal?

    <p>Interest on capital should be included for non-remunerative proposals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum annual loss that can be considered for enhancing the GM’s power for passenger amenity grounds?

    <p>Rs. 50,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a requirement when opening a Halt Station under GM’s power?

    <p>Approval from the Railway Board is mandatory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be verified for a Halt Station opened as a passenger amenity?

    <p>Volume of passenger traffic justifies the opening. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be excluded from the calculations of financial viability for a Halt Station?

    <p>Shramdan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario can a Halt Station be opened without referring to the Ministry of Railway?

    <p>When there is financial justification and site distance requirements are met (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in determining whether to open a Halt Station under GM's authority?

    <p>The feasibility from an operating and engineering perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios would result in an application for information being forwarded to another Public Information Officer?

    <p>The applicant requests information pertaining to a matter that falls outside the jurisdiction of the current Public Information Officer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the primary goal of the Right to Information Act?

    <p>To strengthen transparency and accountability in the functioning of public establishments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Right to Information Act, which of the following would NOT be considered a 'third party'?

    <p>A citizen seeking information related to a particular government department. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options accurately defines the concept of 'information' under the Right to Information Act?

    <p>Material in any form, including electronic data, documents, and information related to private entities which public authorities may access under law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best reflects the application fee process outlined in the text?

    <p>There is no mention of an application fee required for seeking information under the Act. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided text, what is the primary means by which an individual can exercise their right to information under the Act?

    <p>By submitting an application to the Public Information Officer, specifying the details of the information sought. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration in determining the scope of 'information' under the Right to Information Act?

    <p>The level of confidentiality associated with the information, as certain information may be exempt from disclosure under the Act. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration a contract for a halt contractor can be extended?

    <p>15 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum commission guaranteed for a halt contractor at a station with more than 2 pairs of trains stopping?

    <p>Rs. 1500/- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the commission for a halt contractor calculated?

    <p>Based on actual sales turnover for that month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a halt contractor dies during the contract period?

    <p>Legal heirs may be appointed based on eligibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest commission percentage a halt contractor can earn for sales turnover over Rs. 200000?

    <p>3% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amenity is not required for HG-3 category halt stations?

    <p>Waiting hall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for a contractor appointed at a halt station?

    <p>Must be a permanent resident of the same district (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facility is universally provided at all halt stations regardless of category?

    <p>Dustbin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum educational qualification for a new halt contractor engaged after June 24, 2005?

    <p>10th pass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amenities is not provided at HG-2 halt stations?

    <p>Platform Shelter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of selecting a contractor if multiple applications are received?

    <p>A random lottery system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amenity at halt stations is specifically mentioned to require adherence to railway board norms?

    <p>Lighting arrangement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amenity is not universally provided at halt stations, regardless of category?

    <p>Fan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of verification is required for a contractor before appointment?

    <p>Previous record verification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of platform is mandated at all halt station categories?

    <p>High Level Platform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What financial aspect is considered when a Halt Station is proposed under GM's Power?

    <p>Financial viability excluding shramdan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which distance requirement applies when opening a Halt Station in suburban areas?

    <p>2 Kms from adjacent stations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition must be fulfilled for a halt to be opened without Board approval?

    <p>It must be financially justified based on passenger traffic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for the Zonal Railway when recommending a Halt Station for Board approval?

    <p>Ensure personal approval of the GM is included (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum loss that can be considered for enhancing the GM's power concerning passenger amenity?

    <p>Rs. 50000/- per annum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consideration when determining the financial justification for a halt station?

    <p>Revenue from goods and parcel traffic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a halt station is opened despite not meeting GM's power conditions, who must approve the recommendation?

    <p>Railway Board (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an operational aspect that must be evaluated when considering a new halt station?

    <p>Engineering feasibility of the proposed site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is considered when analyzing a proposed halt station in terms of passenger traffic?

    <p>Volume of existing passenger traffic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the penalties the Information Commission can impose?

    <p>Fining Public Information Officers Rs. 250 per day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions can the decisions of the Information Commission be challenged?

    <p>Through a petition under Article 225 of the Constitution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required from the government regarding the Right to Information?

    <p>To train officials and prepare relevant training materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of traffic is exclusively handled by newly opened passenger halts?

    <p>Only passenger traffic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Unremunerative Halt Station

    A new train station is considered unremunerative when it's unlikely to generate enough revenue to cover its operational costs.

    Exceptional Cases for Unremunerative Halt Station

    This rule outlines the conditions that must be met before a new unremunerative halt station is proposed. It should only be considered in rare cases with strong justifications.

    Operational Feasibility for Halt Station

    Before recommending a new halt station, it's important to consider the impact on the flow of trains and the overall efficiency of the rail line.

    Proposal Report for Halt Station

    Detailed information about the proposed halt station, including its location, nearby features, and cost estimates, should be submitted in a standardized format.

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    Community Involvement in Halt Station Construction

    When considering the cost of building a new halt station, railways should make an effort to involve the community in construction through 'shramdan,' where volunteers contribute labor.

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    Public Information Officer

    An individual designated to fulfill information requests from citizens.

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    Information Commission

    A body established to address complaints regarding the Right to Information Act.

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    Information Request

    A formal request for specific information from a public authority under the Right to Information Act.

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    Prescribed Time Limit

    The timeframe within which a public authority must respond to an information request.

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    Information Fee

    A fee charged for providing information under the Right to Information Act.

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    Misleading Information

    Providing incorrect, incomplete, or misleading information in response to an information request.

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    Penalty for Non-Compliance

    A penalty imposed on a Public Information Officer for failing to fulfill their duties under the Right to Information Act.

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    Passenger Halt

    A designated facility for receiving and attending to passenger traffic on a railway line, typically smaller than a full-fledged railway station.

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    Opening of a Passenger Halt

    The process of establishing a new passenger halt on a railway line.

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    Public Awareness of Right to Information

    The practice of providing accurate information to the public and educating them about their rights under the Right to Information Act.

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    Application Fee

    A fee of Rs. 10 for applying, payable via draft, banker's check, or postal order. BPL families are exempt.

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    Photocopy Fee

    Rs. 2 per page for photocopies of documents.

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    Record Inspection Fee

    One hour of record inspection is free, then Rs. 5 every 15 minutes.

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    Floppy Disk Fee

    Rs. 50 for obtaining information saved on a floppy disk.

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    Standard RTI Processing Time

    The time limit for an RTI application to be processed is 30 days.

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    RTI Time Limit for Life and Liberty

    If an RTI request concerns a person's life and liberty, the response is due within 48 hours.

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    RTI Rejected - National Security

    Applications concerning the unity or integrity of the nation, crime, or confidential state information are rejected.

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    RTI Rejected - Foreign Information

    Information received from foreign countries cannot be disclosed.

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    RTI Rejected - Business and Privacy

    The government can refuse to provide information that could harm businesses, reveal confidential transactions, or invade privacy.

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    What is the Right to Information Act (RTI)?

    The Right to Information Act (RTI) of 2005 grants every citizen the right to access information held by public authorities. This promotes transparency and accountability in government operations.

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    Where does the RTI Act apply?

    The RTI Act applies to all of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir, giving citizens across most of the country access to government information.

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    What does 'information' mean under the RTI Act?

    In the RTI context, 'information' encompasses a broad range of materials – documents, emails, records, even data that would be accessed through electronic means. This covers a wide range of materials to potentially request.

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    Does an individual need to provide a reason to request information under the RTI Act?

    The RTI Act specifies that individuals do not need to provide a reason for requesting information. It is their right to access information, regardless of their motivation.

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    How do I request information under the RTI Act?

    Applications can be submitted to the Public Information Officer (PIO) in written or electronic form. You can use English, Hindi, or the official language of the area.

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    What happens to an RTI application if the wrong PIO is contacted?

    The RTI Act provides a mechanism for transferring applications to the appropriate Public Information Officer within 5 days of receiving the request.

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    What is the main purpose of the RTI Act?

    The objective of the RTI Act is to promote transparency and accountability within public establishments. This means citizens can access information to hold government agencies responsible for their actions.

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    Halt Station

    A station with limited facilities, typically without parcel or goods handling, and mainly serving local passenger traffic.

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    Opening a Halt Station under GM's Power

    The General Manager (GM) of a railway can authorize the opening of a Halt Station under certain conditions, without seeking approval from higher authorities.

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    Financial Justification for a Halt Station

    Financial viability of the proposed Halt Station, based on potential revenue and operational costs.

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    Distance Requirements for Halt Station

    The proposed Halt Station must be a minimum distance from existing stations on both sides, varying between 5 km in non-suburban areas and 2 km in suburban areas.

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    Operational and Engineering Feasibility

    Operational feasibility and engineering considerations must be taken into account when deciding to open a Halt Station.

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    Infringement of Distance Limitation

    If a proposed Halt Station infringes the minimum distance requirement but meets other criteria, the GM may still consider opening it, but only if it's financially viable.

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    Cost Calculation Exclusion of Shramdan

    When calculating financial viability, the cost of manual labor (shramdan) is not factored into capital cost.

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    GM's Power on Passenger Amenity Grounds

    The GM's power to open a Halt Station based on passenger demand is expanded to a maximum annual loss of Rs. 50,000, but only if other criteria are met and distance limitations are followed.

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    External Funding for Halt Station

    Railway authorities are encouraged to explore funding sources like MPLAD and Village Panchayats for the construction of non-profitable Halt Stations.

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    Do I need a reason to request information under RTI?

    The RTI Act doesn't require individuals to provide a reason for requesting information. Every citizen has the right to access information, regardless of their motivation.

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    How do I request information under RTI?

    To submit an RTI application, you can contact the Public Information Officer (PIO) in written or electronic form. You can use English, Hindi, or the official language of the area.

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    What happens if I contact the wrong PIO?

    If you contact the wrong PIO, the Act requires the application to be transferred to the correct officer within 5 days of receiving the request.

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    When did the RTI Act come into effect?

    The RTI Act came into effect in phases, with some sections implemented on June 15, 2005, and the remaining sections on October 12, 2005.

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    Penalty for Not Providing Information

    A fine of Rs. 250 per day imposed upon a Public Information Officer for violating the Right to Information Act.

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    Office Address of the Central Information Commission

    The official address of the Central Information Commission in Delhi.

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    Halt Contractor Security Deposit

    The minimum security deposit required from a Halt Contractor, which is Rs. 2000 and can be extended based on their earnings and ticket sales.

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    Halt Contractor Contract Extension

    The initial contract term is 5 years, but it can be extended for another 5 years in 2 periods of 2.5 years each if the contractor performs well and pays outstanding amounts on time.

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    Halt Contractor Commission Structure

    The commission paid to a Halt Contractor depends on their monthly sales revenue and is tiered based on different sales thresholds. For example, sales between Rs. 15001 to Rs. 50,000 earn a 12% commission.

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    Halt Contractor Death and Succession

    In case of a deceased Halt Contractor, the legal heir may be considered for the contract, but only after meeting the eligibility criteria. Otherwise, a new selection process takes place.

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    Halt Contractor Minimum Commission

    The commission payable to a Halt Contractor depends on the number of train pairs stopping at the station. If 2 or fewer pairs, the minimum is Rs. 1000, but for more than 2 pair, it increases to Rs. 1500 per month.

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    High Level Platform

    A type of train platform built at a higher elevation, allowing passengers to board trains without having to climb stairs.

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    Platform Shelter

    A covered structure providing shelter for waiting passengers on a train platform.

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    Halt Contractor

    A type of railway employee who manages passenger traffic and provides information at a Halt Station.

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    FOB (Foot Over Bridge)

    A pathway or tunnel that allows foot passengers to cross over railway tracks safely.

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    Time Table

    The official document that displays the arrival and departure times of trains at a station.

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    Waiting Hall

    A designated area at a train station where passengers can wait for their train.

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    Draw System for Contractor Selection

    The process of selecting a Halt Station contractor through a lottery system.

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    Drinking Water

    A provision of clean water for passengers at a Halt Station.

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    English Language Requirement for Halt Contractor

    A requirement for a halt contractor to demonstrate knowledge of English, enabling them to read station names and ticket fares.

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    What is a Halt Station?

    A Halt Station is a small railway station, typically without freight facilities. It's primarily used for passenger services, serving a localized area.

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    GM's Power to Authorize Halt Station Opening

    The General Manager has the authority to approve the opening of a new Halt Station without seeking approval from higher authorities under specific criteria, ensuring the station is financially viable and operationally feasible.

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    Financial Viability of a Halt Station

    The financial justification for a new Halt Station is determined by its potential revenue generation compared to operating costs. It's basically a cost-benefit analysis.

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    Exception to Distance Requirement

    In rare circumstances, a Halt Station may be considered even if it falls short of the stipulated distance requirements, but only if the financial viability is strong enough to warrant its opening.

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    Shramdan Exclusion in Cost Calculation

    When assessing the cost of a new Halt Station, the volunteer labor 'shramdan' is excluded from the capital cost calculation.

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    GM's Authority Based on Passenger Convenience

    The GM's authority to approve a Halt Station based on passenger convenience is expanded to a maximum annual loss of Rs. 50,000, provided it adheres to operational and engineering criteria.

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    External Funding for Unprofitable Halt Stations

    Authorities are encouraged to explore funding sources like MPLAD (Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme) and Village Panchayats when constructing a Halt Station that may not be profitable.

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    Requirement to Open a Halt Station

    Recommendation for a Halt Station opening requires the GM's approval and vetting by the concerned Public Fund Accountant before being forwarded to the Railway Board for final approval.

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    Study Notes

    Right to Information Act 2005

    • Objective: To grant citizens the right to access information from public establishments, promoting transparency and accountability.
    • Effective date: June 15, 2005 (Sections 4(i), 5(i), 5(ii), 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 27, and 28); other sections effective 12/10/2005.
    • Applicable to: Entire India, except Jammu and Kashmir.

    Definitions

    • Information: Any material like records, documents, emails, opinions, advice, press releases and more, including data in electronic formats held by a public authority (Section 2F).
    • Record: Documents, manuscripts, files, microfilms, facsimiles, copies or any material generated by a computer or other device (Section 2I).
    • Right to Information: The ability to receive information from public authorities (Section 3).
    • Third Party: Anyone other than the citizen requesting information, including public authorities (Section 2n).

    Rights under the Act

    • Inspection of documents and records.
    • Creating certified copies of documents
    • Obtaining samples of materials
    • Retrieving information from computers (e.g., in diskettes, floppies and tapes) (Section 2J).
    • Note-taking, extracting, and certification of documents
    • Taking certified samples or copies of documents

    Application for Information

    • Submission: Applications can be submitted to the Public Information Officer using written or electronic means, in English, Hindi, or the official language of the area (Section 6).
    • Fee: A fee of Rs 10 applies, which can by paid via draft, bankers check, or postal orders. No fee is charged to BPL family members. Copying costs Rs 2 per page; the first hour of document review is free, with Rs 5 charged for every subsequent 15 minutes.
    • Disposal of Request: Time varies; typically within 30 days of the application; but also 48 hours in cases involving life or liberty.

    Disposal of Requests

    • Time Limit: Generally 30 days from the date of application; 48 hours for cases relating to life and liberty. More time (5 days) for applications to Assistant Public Information Officers, and 40 days for third-party information requests.
    • Refusal: Information may be withheld if it affects national unity, integrity, security, diplomatic relations with other nations, or other sensitive matters.
    • Specific Criteria: Information related to court cases, government privileges, business secrets, ministers', secretaries' and other official records, personal details, or intellectual property, security and intelligence agencies records and protected information isn't readily available.

    Penalty for Non-Compliance

    • Fine: The Information Commission can impose a fine of up to Rs. 250 per day on the Public Information Officer for failure to provide information.

    Power of Information Commission

    • Rights & Powers: Powers similar to a civil court, including summoning, examining witnesses, and reviewing compliance with the Act. Penalties can be enforced, including disciplinary actions; reporting to the government annually.

    Opening and Closing of Halt Stations

    • Opening Criteria: Halt stations can be opened when financially justified in areas with at least 5km (non-suburban) or 2km (suburban) from other stations; feasibility and minimum distance limits are key
    • Board Approval: Approval is needed if opening conditions aren't met; proposals must be sent with GM's approval, through Railway Board, analyzing volume of passenger traffic, and financial impact is critical.
    • Necessary Modifications: Requirements might be adjusted based on traffic volume, local commuting needs, and financial assessment of the proposed station.
    • Amenities: Standards for facilities are tiered, from minimal amenities to stations with more comprehensive services, and defined by categorization
    • Financial Considerations: Financial projections must account for likely costs and revenues; capital costs and interest, and whether a halt will be financially beneficial.

    Booking Zones

    • Halt Limits: Ticket issuance for connecting trains might be allowed to avoid irregularities.

    Closure of Halt Stations

    • Non-viability: Halt stations could shut down if deemed unprofitable, as assessed by local passenger volume and costs; average daily passenger counts determine closure decisions.

    Upgradation to Flag Stations

    • Criteria: Upgrade is possible for stations exceeding operational thresholds (e.g., 500,000 travelers per year, based on outward travel) and functional for over 5 years, and specified volume of outward passengers; economic viability is assessed.

    Naming and Spelling Changes

    • State Regulations: State governments suggest names of stations; however, the final approval is given by the Ministries of concerned.
    • Verification Procedures: Sending requests to specialized regional organizations, and subsequent naming and mapping processes are essential.

    Other Guidelines

    • Contractor Contracts: Halt station contractors are subject to standard contractual terms related to maintenance responsibilities and payment,with initial security deposits and reviewed for conduct.
    • Compliance/Penalties: Conduct reviews to ensure contractors adhere to the policies; corrective action is required for breaches/malpractices.
    • Annexures: Specific formats for proposals required, including details for opening halt stations (e.g., distances, traffic volume, costs).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the Right to Information Act of 2005. This quiz covers its objectives, definitions, and the rights it grants to citizens for accessing information held by public authorities in India. Improve your understanding of transparency and accountability in governance.

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