Rice Tungro Disease Epidemics
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Questions and Answers

What are some examples of plant viruses mentioned in the text?

Curly top virus of sugar beets and swollen shoots of cacao

Why is the economic impact of plant viruses on yield loss little studied?

Most of the information available is qualitative rather than quantitative

How did plant viruses affect the sugar beet industry in the western United States in the 1920s?

Ruined the entire sugar beet industry

Why have plant-virus diseases become a major threat to agriculture?

<p>They cause enormous yield losses in agriculturally important crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that contribute to yield losses in cowpea due to virus infections?

<p>Early infections of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) caused greater yield loss (40%-60%) compared to late infections, and losses due to cowpea banding mosaic virus, cowpea chlorotic spot virus, and cowpea yellow mosaic virus infections were also reported.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated range of yield losses in mung bean due to mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) infection in India?

<p>The estimated range of yield losses in mung bean due to MYMV infection in India is 10%-100%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do different viruses affect the yield of black gram/urdbean in India?

<p>Viruses such as mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), black gram mosaic virus, urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV), and black gram sterility mosaic virus cause significant reductions in yield, with reported losses ranging from 35% to 83.6%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated annual loss of red gram grains in India due to pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease (SMD) infection?

<p>Pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease (SMD) infection can cause an estimated annual loss of 205,000 tons in red gram grains in India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major causes of yield losses in rice crops across Africa and East Asia?

<p>Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) and Rice stripe virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus damages around 100,000 hectares of rice plantations in Japan annually, causing an estimated 15,000 tons of grain loss?

<p>Rice dwarf virus (RDV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the average annual losses of wheat crops in the United States due to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), and soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) during 1951 to 1960?

<p>Around 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the important virus diseases causing severe economic losses in barley crops in the United States, United Kingdom, Montana, and North Dakota?

<p>Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of yield losses in maize due to virus infections?

<p>Grain yield of maize infected with the BYDV-PAV strain produced fewer kernels per ear and an estimated yield loss of 15%-20%. Maize rayado fino virus transmitted by the corn leafhopper in Central America indicated reductions of 40%-50% yield loss. Colombian stripe virus disease caused 89%-100% losses due to wilting and quick death of infected plants in cultivars ICA-V-504 in Colombia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did sorghum and pearl millet crops suffer from virus infections?

<p>Sorghum suffered 100% losses in highly susceptible cultivars due to MDMV infection. SCMV infection in sorghum in Queensland, Australia, led to estimated losses of 25%. The Pennisetum strain of MSV caused 98% reduction in grain yield of pearl millet when the crop was completely infected, while the yield loss was recorded as 75% when the crop was partially infected in India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some significant yield losses in oats due to virus infections?

<p>Yield reductions in three oat cultivars (Fayette, Clint land, Rodney) from 15% to 94.4% due to BYDV strains. In 1959, epiphytotic disease caused severe damage in the oat-producing North Central States of the United States, with estimated yield losses up to 5%-37%. Soilborne oat mosaic was a major threat in winter oats, and losses were recorded up to 100%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viruses cause significant yield losses in common bean and pea crops?

<p>Severe BCMV isolates can cause 64%-68% reductions in the number of pods/plant and reductions in the seed yields. Bean golden mosaic virus infection in beans was reported to cause 80%-100% yield losses. Pea leaf roll virus and pea mosaic virus are important virus diseases of peas that cause significant yield losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major virus diseases affect rice crops and lead to significant economic losses?

<p>Rice tungro disease, rice hoja blanca virus, rice yellow mottle virus, rice grassy stunt virus, and rice stripe virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of vegetatively propagated crops severely affected by different groups of viruses?

<p>Bananas, cassava, potatoes, citrus, grapevines, taro, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, and many ornamentals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of serious virus diseases impacting various crops?

<p>Tobamovirus, tospoviruses, begomoviruses, cucumoviruses, ilarviruses, potyviruses, tungro virus, carlavirus, babuvirus, badnavirus, polerovirus, and allexivirus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are young plants more susceptible to virus infections?

<p>Young plants are more susceptible to virus infections, and early infections can cause severe losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plant viruses have little or no economic impact on yield loss in agriculturally important crops like cereals, horticultural crops, legumes, oil crops, sugarcane, and cotton.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most of the information available on the economic consequences of plant-virus epidemics is quantitative rather than qualitative.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants that become infected at an earlier stage have a better chance to recover from stress than those infected at a later stage.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than 1000 virus species that infect cultivated plants worldwide have been described.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses cause significant yield losses in both annually and perennially grown crops

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rice tungro disease leads to an annual economic loss of $1.5 billion

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

International trade of plant commodities does not contribute to the spread of viral diseases

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cost of replacing infected plants is often economical

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rice tungro disease caused production losses of 0.5 million tons in West Bengal, and up to 2% in India as a whole.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rice dwarf virus (RDV) damages around 100,000 ha of rice plantations in Japan annually, with losses estimated at 15,000 tons of grain.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maize streak virus (MSV) is another important disease in maize, causing severe losses in irrigated maize crops in Africa, with nearly every plant being infected within 8 weeks of germination.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

BYDV can reduce the fresh weight of stalks and ears of several maize varieties by up to 56%.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) caused 100% yield losses in highly susceptible cultivars of sorghum?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Pea leaf roll virus and pea mosaic virus caused 6% annual yield loss in the United States?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) causes nearly 100% yield losses only during the flowering stage?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus infection caused complete yield loss of the cowpea crop in southern Nigeria?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pea mosaic virus and broad bean mottle virus infections in broad bean resulted in yield losses of 9%-17.5 pods per plant compared to 28.5 pods per healthy plant.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

SMD is caused by only one distinct disease.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

MYMV infection caused yield losses (84%-100%) and maximum growth reductions (63%) in mung bean cv. Pusa baisakhi.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cowpea yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) reduced cowpea yield in California blackeye cowpea, with yield losses of 14.2% and 2.5% following infections.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Virus infections lead to yield losses in crops, affecting farmers and consumers (Waterworth and Hadidi, 1998).

  • Some serious virus diseases impacting various crops include tobamovirus, tospoviruses, begomoviruses, cucumoviruses, ilarviruses, potyviruses, tungro virus, carlavirus, babuvirus, badnavirus, polerovirus, and allexivirus (Scholthof et al., 2011; Sastry and Zitter, 2014; Mandal et al., 2017).

  • Economic losses due to virus diseases are not evenly distributed across crops and locations.

  • Young plants are more susceptible to virus infections and early infections can cause severe losses.

  • Some major virus epidemics causing heavy economic losses in different crops worldwide include Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), wheat streak virus, sugar beet yellows virus, cassava mosaic virus complex, sweet potato virus diseases, potato viruses, groundnut rosette virus, rice tungro disease, maize streak virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, begomoviruses, and bean common mosaic virus.

  • Annually and perennially grown crops are more susceptible to virus diseases and the cost of replacing infected plants is often uneconomical.

  • Vegetatively propagated crops such as bananas, cassava, potatoes, citrus, grapevines, taro, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, and many ornamentals are severely affected by different groups of viruses.

  • Intensive monoculture cropping and international trade of plant commodities contribute to the spread of viral diseases.

  • Management of plant virus diseases is crucial for farmers, consumers, and manufacturers.

  • Plant-virus diseases cause significant yield losses annually to agriculture worldwide, estimated to be over $30 billion (Sastry and Zitter, 2014).

  • This text discusses economic losses caused by viruses in cereals, millets, legumes, vegetables, tuber crops, fruits, industrial crops, edible oil crops, and spice crops.

  • Rice, as a staple food for half of the world's population, is affected by major virus diseases such as tungro disease, rice hoja blanca virus, rice yellow mottle virus, rice grassy stunt virus, and rice stripe virus.

  • Rice tungro disease, caused by rice tungro bacilliform virus and rice tungro spherical virus, leads to an annual economic loss of $1.5 billion and a reduction in crop yields up to 100% (Teng et al., 1990; Hull, 2002).

  • In western Nigeria, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) caused greater yield loss (40%-60%) when infecting cowpea plants early (7 days after emergence) compared to late infections (5%-10% after flowering) (Gilmer et al., 1973).

  • Cowpea losses due to cowpea banding mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic spot virus infections ranged from 11.6% to 43.8% and 24.2% to 66.7% in seed yield, respectively (Sharma and Varma, 1981).

  • Cowpea yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) reduced cowpea yield in California blackeye cowpea, with yield losses of 14.2% and 2.5% following infections (Pio-Ribeiro et al., 1978).

  • Mixed infections of BYMV, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and cowpea mild mosaic virus (CPMMV) resulted in a yield loss reduction of 86.4% (Harrison and Gudauskas, 1968).

  • In mung beans, mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) infections decreased grain yield by 22.3%-61.7% in India, depending on the age of the crop (Greengram/mung bean Nene, 1972; Yadav and Brar, 2010).

  • MYMV infection caused yield losses (84%-100%) and maximum growth reductions (63%) in mung bean cv. Pusa baisakhi (Ahmed, 1991).

  • Urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) reduced the black gram grain yield by 35%-80% in Pakistan (Bashir et al., 1991).

  • Mosaic mottle disease reduced black gram yield by 71.5% (Nene, 1972).

  • BCMV caused yield losses of up to 83.6% in black gram (Agarwal et al., 1976).

  • MYMV and Mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV India) reduced black gram yield by up to 85% when infecting at early stages (Nene, 1972, 1973; Vohra and Beniwal, 1979; Dhingra and Chenulu, 1985; Suteri and Srivastava, 1979).

  • Broad bean plants infected with pea mosaic, broad bean true mosaic, and pea enation mosaic viruses reduced seed yield by approximately 60%-80% (Blaszczak and Jamrog-Janicka, 1972).

  • Pea mosaic virus and broad bean mottle virus infections in broad bean resulted in yield losses of 9%-17.5 pods per plant compared to 28.5 pods per healthy plant (Hussein and Freigoun, 1978).

  • Broad bean yield was reduced by 96%, 70%, and 17% at prebloom, full bloom, and postbloom stages, respectively, due to BYMV infection (Frowd and Bernier, 1977; Kaiser, 1973).

  • Subterranean clover red leaf virus reduced the yield of faba bean cultivars Coles dwarf and Triple white by 83% and 98% in Tasmania when the virus infection started before pod set (Johnstone, 1978).

  • SMD is a disease affecting red gram (pigeonpea) and causes an estimated annual loss of 205,000 tons in red gram grains in India (Kannaiyan et al., 1984; Reddy and Nene, 1981).

  • Susceptible genotypes infected in the early stages (first 45 days) of crop growth showed complete sterility of plants and reported yield losses up to 100%, while mild mosaic symptom genotypes such as NP (WR) 15 had yield losses of 19%-64% (Kannaiyan et al., 1984; Reddy and Nene, 1981).

  • SMD is caused by two distinct diseases.

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Learn about the severe epidemics of rice tungro disease in various countries and the significant losses it caused in rice production. Explore the historical occurrences and impacts of this devastating disease.

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