25 Questions
What are the potential roles of Streptomyces in plant development and protection?
Streptomyces can potentially increase plant growth and protect plants against various pathogens.
Which isolates showed the highest percentage of disease suppression effectiveness against bacterial leaf blight?
Act-SK2, Act-Mn2, Act-Hr21, and Act-Pha4
What are the potential biocontrol agents identified in the study?
Streptomyces sp. and Penicillium janthinellum
What are the reported qualities contributing to Streptomyces' ability to combat plant pathogens?
Antibiotics production, synthesis of plant growth regulators, siderophore synthesis, volatile compound secretion, and nutrient competition
What is the main role of Penicillium janthinellum in agriculture?
Recycling vital nutrients like phosphate-solubilizing fungus
What is the main disease of rice mentioned in the text?
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB)
What are the symptoms of BLB disease?
Gray to white sores along the vascular tissue
What are the potential yield losses in tropical Asia due to BLB disease?
Up to 50%
In which country does the text mention a yield loss of 70-80% due to BLB disease?
Indonesia
What medium was used to culture the Xoo strain?
Wakimoto Agar medium
How was the effectiveness of suppressing incubation period calculated?
((incubation period of beneficial microbes - incubation period of control) / incubation period of control) x 100%
What method was used for Xoo inoculation?
Leaf-cutting method
What formula was used to calculate disease severity?
(Ni * Vi) / N
What is the significance of Xoo bacteria in relation to bacterial leaf blight (BLB)?
Xoo bacteria are the causative agent of bacterial leaf blight and have high diversity of pathotypes and gene mutability, making control through resistant varieties ineffective.
How can BLB be controlled using bactericides, and what are the potential drawbacks of continuous use?
BLB can be controlled using bactericides, but continuous use harms the environment, triggers resistance to pathogens, and impacts human health.
What is the role of PGPR and PGPF in biological control of plant diseases?
PGPR and PGPF are essential members of the plant microbiome and can suppress plant pathogen populations as antagonists and biofertilizers.
What are some examples of beneficial microbes studied for their ability to suppress Xoo bacteria?
Examples include Actinomyces, Trichoderma, Phoma, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Streptomyces.
What technique was used to amplify Gene 16S rRNA of isolates Act Pha4, Act LB3, Act Sk2, and Act Hr21?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
How was the phylogenetic analysis conducted?
Using the MEGA X software and the Maximum Likelihood approach, with the neighbor-joining method used to construct the tree and the Tree Explorer used to view it
What test was used to confirm that beneficial microbes were not plant pathogenic?
Hypersensitive reaction test
What was the range of the incubation periods of BLB disease in rice plants treated with beneficial microbes?
3.0 to 4.33 days after inoculation (dai)
What does the AUDPC value indicate in the context of rice plants and beneficial microbe isolates?
The AUDPC value indicates the resistance level of rice plants after beneficial microbe isolates application.
How do beneficial microbes influence host plant growth?
Beneficial microbes influence host plant growth by producing essential growth factors and inducing plant resistance through disease suppression and antimicrobial secondary metabolites.
What are the commonly used molecular markers for bacterial and fungal classification?
The commonly used molecular markers for bacterial and fungal classification are the AUDPC, ITS region, and 16S rRNA genes.
Which actinobacteria isolates were phylogenetically divided into two groups?
The three actinobacteria isolates, Act-Hr21, Act-Pha4, and Act Sk2, were phylogenetically divided into two groups.
Study Notes
- The AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve) number indicates the resistance level of rice plants after beneficial microbes isolates application.
- Four beneficial microbes isolates (Act-Ak2, Act-Mn2, Act-Hr21, and Act-Pha4) have the lowest AUDPC values, ranging between 51-82.33, suppressing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) development.
- The AUDPC value illustrates the disease development rate over time in each beneficial microbes isolate treatment.
- AUDPC is considered a genotype's resistance level, with low values indicating resistance and high values indicating susceptibility.
- The development of BLB symptoms can be seen in Figure 1, with fifteen beneficial microbes isolates suppressing the growth of BLB disease compared to the control.
- Beneficial microbes have direct and indirect mechanisms to influence host plant growth, including producing essential growth factors and inducing plant resistance through disease suppression and antimicrobial secondary metabolites.
- The obtained sequence length of beneficial microbes isolates ranges from 1157-1535 bp.
- Act-Hr21, Act-Pha4, and Act Sk2 have high sequence similarities with known Streptomyces strains (MK675528, MK811436, and AB373961, respectively).
- ActMn2 was identified using a genetic marker based on the ITS region and is similar to Penicillium janthinellum strain CMV006C1.
- The AUDPC, ITS region, and 16S rRNA genes are commonly used molecular markers for bacterial and fungal classification, respectively.
- Streptomyces is a well-known actinobacteria genus, and the three actinobacteria isolates were phylogenetically divided into two groups.
Learn about the scale and severity of Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) disease in rice plants, as well as the PCR amplification technique used to study isolates Act Pha4, Act LB3, Act Sk2, and Act Hr21. Dive into the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES) and PCR amplification of Gene 16S rRNA.
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