Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which organelle is known as the 'little organ' in the cytoplasm?
Which organelle is known as the 'little organ' in the cytoplasm?
What is the main constituent of the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid?
What is the main constituent of the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion?
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which membrane invaginations are composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
Which membrane invaginations are composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What are membrane proteins that transport various substrates using ATP energy?
What are membrane proteins that transport various substrates using ATP energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What plays a role in signal transduction and various diseases, including HDL metabolism?
What plays a role in signal transduction and various diseases, including HDL metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle can generate up to 100 molecules of ATP per second?
Which organelle can generate up to 100 molecules of ATP per second?
Signup and view all the answers
What mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
What mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which complex mediates the insertion of inner membrane proteins synthesized in the cytosol or mitochondria?
Which complex mediates the insertion of inner membrane proteins synthesized in the cytosol or mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What function do mitochondria play in apoptosis?
What function do mitochondria play in apoptosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which complex mediates insertion of outer membrane proteins in mitochondria?
Which complex mediates insertion of outer membrane proteins in mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What are the structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
What type of organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Signup and view all the answers
How are proteins transported between different parts of the Golgi complex?
How are proteins transported between different parts of the Golgi complex?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the size of the 8S rRNA molecule?
What is the size of the 8S rRNA molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of organelle lacks a genome and is involved in various metabolic processes and signaling pathways?
Which type of organelle lacks a genome and is involved in various metabolic processes and signaling pathways?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
Signup and view all the answers
What do peroxisomes lack?
What do peroxisomes lack?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the types of arrays in which actin filaments are organized in animal cells?
What are the types of arrays in which actin filaments are organized in animal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments to transport membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments to transport membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
Which structure is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere and has some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments while others are elastic?
Which protein extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere and has some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments while others are elastic?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the components of actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
What are the components of actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is responsible for the formation of microdomains with confined movement of lipids in the plasma membrane?
Which component is responsible for the formation of microdomains with confined movement of lipids in the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of the liquid-disordered state according to the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
What is the characteristic feature of the liquid-disordered state according to the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Signup and view all the answers
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
Which organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is most likely to have evolved from bacteria by endocytosis?
Which organelle is most likely to have evolved from bacteria by endocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the matrix of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the matrix of mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What protein is responsible for mediating the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
What protein is responsible for mediating the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the fast-growing and slow-growing ends of actin filaments referred to as?
What are the fast-growing and slow-growing ends of actin filaments referred to as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What are actin filaments composed of?
What are actin filaments composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process involves the transport of large molecules into the cell?
Which process involves the transport of large molecules into the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What membrane proteins are responsible for transporting various substrates using ATP energy?
What membrane proteins are responsible for transporting various substrates using ATP energy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein is a key player in tumorigenesis and is associated with caveolae?
Which protein is a key player in tumorigenesis and is associated with caveolae?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis and insertion of transmembrane proteins?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis and insertion of transmembrane proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of membrane invagination is composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
Which type of membrane invagination is composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and sequestering Ca2+ in the cell?
What is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and sequestering Ca2+ in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which group of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major intracellular membrane system that constantly reorganizes and accounts for 50% of the total cellular membrane?
What is a major intracellular membrane system that constantly reorganizes and accounts for 50% of the total cellular membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What membrane proteins facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What membrane proteins facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells, forming a large, stable structure with two chains?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells, forming a large, stable structure with two chains?
Signup and view all the answers
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein helps organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton?
Which protein helps organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere?
What is the giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere?
Signup and view all the answers
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major microtubule-organizing center composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
What is the major microtubule-organizing center composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
What protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Signup and view all the answers
What human diseases are associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
What human diseases are associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What are actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
What are actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is responsible for protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Which organelle is responsible for protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Which type of proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process involves the transport of large molecules in and out of cells?
Which process involves the transport of large molecules in and out of cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which membrane proteins transport various substrates using ATP energy?
Which membrane proteins transport various substrates using ATP energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic size of caveolae?
What is the characteristic size of caveolae?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein is associated with caveolae and is a target of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins?
Which protein is associated with caveolae and is a target of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and sequesters Ca2+?
Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and sequesters Ca2+?
Signup and view all the answers
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the signal recognition particle (SRP) during translation?
What is the main function of the signal recognition particle (SRP) during translation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein contributes to 90% of cancer deaths in the USA by exporting anticancer drugs?
Which protein contributes to 90% of cancer deaths in the USA by exporting anticancer drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
What are actin filaments composed of?
What are actin filaments composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
Which protein mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What contributes to increased vascular relaxation due to increased nitric oxide?
What contributes to increased vascular relaxation due to increased nitric oxide?
Signup and view all the answers
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
Signup and view all the answers
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a type of filamentous (F-actin) actin?
What is a type of filamentous (F-actin) actin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a function of the matrix of mitochondria?
What is a function of the matrix of mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein functions as a cytoskeletal component in the cellular maintenance and motion?
Which protein functions as a cytoskeletal component in the cellular maintenance and motion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the major microtubule-organizing centers composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
What are the major microtubule-organizing centers composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
What type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein is responsible for cross-linking actin filaments into a parallel array?
Which protein is responsible for cross-linking actin filaments into a parallel array?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) in animal cells?
What is the primary function of ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) in animal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major function of microtubules in the cell?
What is the major function of microtubules in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of the centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center?
What is the composition of the centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of dystrophin in animal cells?
What is the primary function of dystrophin in animal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the specific structures that act as actin-filament-plasmalemma structures in animal cells?
What are the specific structures that act as actin-filament-plasmalemma structures in animal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which motor protein is responsible for transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components along microtubules?
Which motor protein is responsible for transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components along microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of titin in the sarcomere?
What is the primary role of titin in the sarcomere?
Signup and view all the answers
Which human disease is associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
Which human disease is associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of myosins in animal cells?
What is the role of myosins in animal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
-
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
-
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
-
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
-
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
-
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
-
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
-
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
-
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
-
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
-
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
-
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
-
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
-
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
-
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
-
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
-
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
-
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
-
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
-
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
-
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
-
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
-
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
-
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
-
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
-
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
-
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
-
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
-
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
-
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
-
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
-
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
-
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
-
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
-
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
-
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
-
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
-
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
-
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
-
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
-
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
-
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
-
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
-
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
-
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
-
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
-
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
-
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
-
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
-
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
-
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
-
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
-
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
-
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
-
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
-
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
-
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
-
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
-
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
-
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
-
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge about ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with this quiz. Explore topics such as the structure, assembly, function, and genetic origins of ribosomes.
