Ribosomes and rRNA Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which organelle is known as the 'little organ' in the cytoplasm?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Cell membrane (Plasmalemma)

Ribosomes (correct)

Plasma membrane

What is the main constituent of the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid?

Fatty acids

Phosphate (correct)

Cholesterol

Glycerol

Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion?

Peripheral proteins

Glycolipids

Transmembrane proteins (correct)

Glycoproteins

What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?

Glycoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?

Signal transduction Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane invaginations are composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?

Caveolae Signup and view all the answers

What are membrane proteins that transport various substrates using ATP energy?

ABC transporters Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?

Spectrin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?

Glucose transporters Signup and view all the answers

What plays a role in signal transduction and various diseases, including HDL metabolism?

Caveolin-1 Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?

Aquaporins Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle can generate up to 100 molecules of ATP per second?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?

TOM complex Signup and view all the answers

Which complex mediates the insertion of inner membrane proteins synthesized in the cytosol or mitochondria?

OXA complex Signup and view all the answers

What function do mitochondria play in apoptosis?

Initiate a caspase cascade leading to apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?

Cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

What type of polymers are actin filaments?

Protein polymers Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?

G-actin Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?

Actin-associated proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which complex mediates insertion of outer membrane proteins in mitochondria?

TIM complex Signup and view all the answers

What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?

ATP hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Cristae Signup and view all the answers

What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?

Actin filaments Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?

Golgi complex Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomes assembled?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What type of organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?

Proteasomes Signup and view all the answers

How are proteins transported between different parts of the Golgi complex?

Vesicular transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the 8S rRNA molecule?

4.2 MDa Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organelle lacks a genome and is involved in various metabolic processes and signaling pathways?

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?

Mature rRNAs Signup and view all the answers

What do peroxisomes lack?

A genome Signup and view all the answers

Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?

Filamin Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of arrays in which actin filaments are organized in animal cells?

Dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks Signup and view all the answers

Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?

Dystrophin Signup and view all the answers

Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments to transport membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?

Kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?

Centrosome Signup and view all the answers

Which protein extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere and has some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments while others are elastic?

Titin Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?

Microvilli, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, cell-ECM junctions Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?

Intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of cilia and flagella Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?

Stereocilia Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for the formation of microdomains with confined movement of lipids in the plasma membrane?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?

Cell adhesion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?

Transmembrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the liquid-disordered state according to the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Rapid lateral diffusion of phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomes assembled?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?

Mature rRNAs Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?

Golgi complex Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?

Aquaporins Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?

Permeases Signup and view all the answers

Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?

Laminin Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is most likely to have evolved from bacteria by endocytosis?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the matrix of mitochondria?

Generation of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?

ATP hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What protein is responsible for mediating the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?

TIM complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?

Cytochrome c release Signup and view all the answers

Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?

Gc protein Signup and view all the answers

What are the fast-growing and slow-growing ends of actin filaments referred to as?

<ul> <li>and - ends</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?

Transport proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?

Spectrin Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Cristae Signup and view all the answers

What are actin filaments composed of?

Actin and actin-associated proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the transport of large molecules into the cell?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What membrane proteins are responsible for transporting various substrates using ATP energy?

ABC transporters Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is a key player in tumorigenesis and is associated with caveolae?

Caveolin-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis and insertion of transmembrane proteins?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?

Signal transduction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane invagination is composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?

Caveolae Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and sequestering Ca2+ in the cell?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which group of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?

ABC transporters Signup and view all the answers

What is a major intracellular membrane system that constantly reorganizes and accounts for 50% of the total cellular membrane?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Signup and view all the answers

What membrane proteins facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?

Aquaporins Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells, forming a large, stable structure with two chains?

Spectrin Signup and view all the answers

What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?

Caveolin-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which protein helps organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton?

ERM proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere?

Titin Signup and view all the answers

Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?

Kinesins Signup and view all the answers

What is the major microtubule-organizing center composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?

Centrosome Signup and view all the answers

Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?

Dystrophin Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?

Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation. Signup and view all the answers

What protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?

Filamin Signup and view all the answers

What human diseases are associated with motor proteins and microtubules?

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What are actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?

Structures under the microscope as a brush border or vibrate in response to sound waves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?

Stereocilia Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein sorting and modifying lipids?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?

Proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?

Protection from pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?

Receptor Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the transport of large molecules in and out of cells?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane proteins transport various substrates using ATP energy?

ABC transporters Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic size of caveolae?

50-100 nm Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is associated with caveolae and is a target of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins?

Caveolin-1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?

Release of cytochrome c into the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Protein synthesis and insertion of transmembrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Cristae Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and sequesters Ca2+?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?

Porins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the signal recognition particle (SRP) during translation?

Identifying target membranes for proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?

Cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which protein contributes to 90% of cancer deaths in the USA by exporting anticancer drugs?

P-glycoprotein Signup and view all the answers

What are actin filaments composed of?

Actin and actin-associated proteins Signup and view all the answers

What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?

Lipid homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?

ATP hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?

Aquaporins Signup and view all the answers

Which protein mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?

TIM complex Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to increased vascular relaxation due to increased nitric oxide?

Caveolin-1 loss Signup and view all the answers

What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?

<ul> <li>end of actin filaments</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?

Motor proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of filamentous (F-actin) actin?

<ul> <li>end of actin filaments</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the matrix of mitochondria?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which protein functions as a cytoskeletal component in the cellular maintenance and motion?

Actin Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?

Proteasomes Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomes assembled?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What type of polymers are actin filaments?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?

Transmembrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?

Cell-to-cell recognition Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?

G-actin Signup and view all the answers

Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?

Myosin II Signup and view all the answers

Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?

Integrin Signup and view all the answers

What are the major microtubule-organizing centers composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?

Centrosomes Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?

Transporter proteins Signup and view all the answers

What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?

Actin filaments Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for cross-linking actin filaments into a parallel array?

Filamin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) in animal cells?

Organizing membrane domains Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of microtubules in the cell?

Mitotic spindle formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center?

Two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dystrophin in animal cells?

Connecting the extra- and intracellular protective layers Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific structures that act as actin-filament-plasmalemma structures in animal cells?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which motor protein is responsible for transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components along microtubules?

Kinesins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of titin in the sarcomere?

Extending from the Z disc to the M line Signup and view all the answers

Which human disease is associated with motor proteins and microtubules?

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myosins in animal cells?

Assembly and disassembly of actin filaments Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.

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Test your knowledge about ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with this quiz. Explore topics such as the structure, assembly, function, and genetic origins of ribosomes.