Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which organelle is known as the 'little organ' in the cytoplasm?
Which organelle is known as the 'little organ' in the cytoplasm?
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Cell membrane (Plasmalemma)
- Ribosomes (correct)
- Plasma membrane
What is the main constituent of the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid?
What is the main constituent of the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid?
- Fatty acids
- Phosphate (correct)
- Cholesterol
- Glycerol
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion?
- Peripheral proteins
- Glycolipids
- Transmembrane proteins (correct)
- Glycoproteins
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
Which membrane invaginations are composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
Which membrane invaginations are composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
What are membrane proteins that transport various substrates using ATP energy?
What are membrane proteins that transport various substrates using ATP energy?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
What plays a role in signal transduction and various diseases, including HDL metabolism?
What plays a role in signal transduction and various diseases, including HDL metabolism?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Which organelle can generate up to 100 molecules of ATP per second?
Which organelle can generate up to 100 molecules of ATP per second?
What mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
What mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
Which complex mediates the insertion of inner membrane proteins synthesized in the cytosol or mitochondria?
Which complex mediates the insertion of inner membrane proteins synthesized in the cytosol or mitochondria?
What function do mitochondria play in apoptosis?
What function do mitochondria play in apoptosis?
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
Which complex mediates insertion of outer membrane proteins in mitochondria?
Which complex mediates insertion of outer membrane proteins in mitochondria?
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
What are the structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What are the structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
What type of organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
What type of organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
How are proteins transported between different parts of the Golgi complex?
How are proteins transported between different parts of the Golgi complex?
What is the size of the 8S rRNA molecule?
What is the size of the 8S rRNA molecule?
Which type of organelle lacks a genome and is involved in various metabolic processes and signaling pathways?
Which type of organelle lacks a genome and is involved in various metabolic processes and signaling pathways?
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
What do peroxisomes lack?
What do peroxisomes lack?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
What are the types of arrays in which actin filaments are organized in animal cells?
What are the types of arrays in which actin filaments are organized in animal cells?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments to transport membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments to transport membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
Which structure is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
Which structure is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
Which protein extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere and has some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments while others are elastic?
Which protein extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere and has some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments while others are elastic?
What are the components of actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
What are the components of actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
Which component is responsible for the formation of microdomains with confined movement of lipids in the plasma membrane?
Which component is responsible for the formation of microdomains with confined movement of lipids in the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
What is the characteristic feature of the liquid-disordered state according to the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
What is the characteristic feature of the liquid-disordered state according to the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
What is the primary transcript for producing ribosomal subunits processed into?
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Which organelle functions in protein sorting and modifying lipids?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Which organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
Which organelle is involved in breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which organelle is most likely to have evolved from bacteria by endocytosis?
Which organelle is most likely to have evolved from bacteria by endocytosis?
What is the primary function of the matrix of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the matrix of mitochondria?
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
What protein is responsible for mediating the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
What protein is responsible for mediating the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
What are the fast-growing and slow-growing ends of actin filaments referred to as?
What are the fast-growing and slow-growing ends of actin filaments referred to as?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells?
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What are actin filaments composed of?
What are actin filaments composed of?
Which process involves the transport of large molecules into the cell?
Which process involves the transport of large molecules into the cell?
What membrane proteins are responsible for transporting various substrates using ATP energy?
What membrane proteins are responsible for transporting various substrates using ATP energy?
Which protein is a key player in tumorigenesis and is associated with caveolae?
Which protein is a key player in tumorigenesis and is associated with caveolae?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis and insertion of transmembrane proteins?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis and insertion of transmembrane proteins?
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
What is the process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses?
Which type of membrane invagination is composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
Which type of membrane invagination is composed of lipid rafts and specific proteins?
What is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and sequestering Ca2+ in the cell?
What is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and sequestering Ca2+ in the cell?
Which group of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
Which group of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
What is a major intracellular membrane system that constantly reorganizes and accounts for 50% of the total cellular membrane?
What is a major intracellular membrane system that constantly reorganizes and accounts for 50% of the total cellular membrane?
What membrane proteins facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What membrane proteins facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells, forming a large, stable structure with two chains?
What is a structural protein found in the cytoplasmic skeleton of red blood cells, forming a large, stable structure with two chains?
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
Which protein helps organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton?
Which protein helps organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton?
What is the giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere?
What is the giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere?
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
Which motor proteins move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components?
What is the major microtubule-organizing center composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
What is the major microtubule-organizing center composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
What are the functions of microtubules in the cell?
What protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
What protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
What human diseases are associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
What human diseases are associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
What are actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
What are actin-filament-plasmalemma structures?
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
What is the structure that vibrates in response to sound waves and opens stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane?
Which organelle is responsible for protein sorting and modifying lipids?
Which organelle is responsible for protein sorting and modifying lipids?
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
What is the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface composed of?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
Which type of proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Which type of proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Which process involves the transport of large molecules in and out of cells?
Which process involves the transport of large molecules in and out of cells?
Which membrane proteins transport various substrates using ATP energy?
Which membrane proteins transport various substrates using ATP energy?
What is the characteristic size of caveolae?
What is the characteristic size of caveolae?
Which protein is associated with caveolae and is a target of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins?
Which protein is associated with caveolae and is a target of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What are the types of structures that form many invaginations in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and sequesters Ca2+?
Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and sequesters Ca2+?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What is the main function of the signal recognition particle (SRP) during translation?
What is the main function of the signal recognition particle (SRP) during translation?
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
What is responsible for cellular maintenance and motion in the cytoplasm?
Which protein contributes to 90% of cancer deaths in the USA by exporting anticancer drugs?
Which protein contributes to 90% of cancer deaths in the USA by exporting anticancer drugs?
What are actin filaments composed of?
What are actin filaments composed of?
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
What plays a role in HDL metabolism, signal transduction, and various diseases?
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
What drives various energy-requiring processes through hydrolysis?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
What facilitates the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes?
Which protein mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
Which protein mediates the import of all nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins?
What contributes to increased vascular relaxation due to increased nitric oxide?
What contributes to increased vascular relaxation due to increased nitric oxide?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
What is responsible for the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in response to signals?
What is a type of filamentous (F-actin) actin?
What is a type of filamentous (F-actin) actin?
What is a function of the matrix of mitochondria?
What is a function of the matrix of mitochondria?
Which protein functions as a cytoskeletal component in the cellular maintenance and motion?
Which protein functions as a cytoskeletal component in the cellular maintenance and motion?
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Which organelle is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins and plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Where are ribosomes assembled?
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
What type of polymers are actin filaments?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
Which type of membrane proteins are involved in the transfer of signals and cell adhesion in the plasma membrane?
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
What drives the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
What is the primary function of cell coat glycocalyx?
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
What are the monomeric forms of actin filaments called?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Which protein promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
What are the major microtubule-organizing centers composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
What are the major microtubule-organizing centers composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth?
What type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
What type of proteins are responsible for the unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substrates across cell membranes?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
What can rapidly assemble and disassemble?
Which protein is responsible for cross-linking actin filaments into a parallel array?
Which protein is responsible for cross-linking actin filaments into a parallel array?
What is the primary function of ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) in animal cells?
What is the primary function of ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) in animal cells?
What is the major function of microtubules in the cell?
What is the major function of microtubules in the cell?
What is the composition of the centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center?
What is the composition of the centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center?
What is the primary function of dystrophin in animal cells?
What is the primary function of dystrophin in animal cells?
What are the specific structures that act as actin-filament-plasmalemma structures in animal cells?
What are the specific structures that act as actin-filament-plasmalemma structures in animal cells?
Which motor protein is responsible for transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components along microtubules?
Which motor protein is responsible for transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components along microtubules?
What is the primary role of titin in the sarcomere?
What is the primary role of titin in the sarcomere?
Which human disease is associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
Which human disease is associated with motor proteins and microtubules?
What is the role of myosins in animal cells?
What is the role of myosins in animal cells?
Study Notes
-
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
-
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
-
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
-
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
-
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
-
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
-
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
-
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
-
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
-
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
-
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
-
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
-
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
-
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
-
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
-
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
-
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
-
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
-
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
-
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
-
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
-
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
-
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
-
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
-
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
-
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
-
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
-
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
-
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
-
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
-
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
-
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
-
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
-
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
-
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
-
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
-
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
-
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
-
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
-
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
-
Actin filaments are organized into various types of arrays in animal cells, including dendritic networks, bundles, and weblike networks.
-
Actin filament structures are maintained and assembled by bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins.
-
Bundling proteins cross-link actin filaments into a parallel array, while gel-forming proteins hold two actin filaments together at a large angle to each other.
-
Filamin promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles.
-
ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) help organize membrane domains by interacting with transmembrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton.
-
Actin-filament-plasmalemma structures include microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, stereocilia, contractile rings, cell-to-cell junctions, and cell-ECM junctions.
-
Microvilli are under the microscope as a brush border, while stereocilia in hair cells vibrate in response to sound waves and open stress-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane.
-
The human genome includes 40 myosin genes, with myosins having one-headed or two-headed motor domains.
-
Titin is a giant protein that extends from the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere, with some parts closely associated with myosin thick filaments and others being elastic.
-
Dystrophin connects the extra- and intracellular protective layers and links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
-
Dystrophin-associated proteins, such as sarcoglycan complex and laminin, are involved in various types of muscular dystrophies.
-
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin, which have a more complex structure and diverse roles in the cell.
-
Microtubules are long, straight and rigid tubular-appearing structures that are typically attached to a single microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) called a centrosome.
-
Microtubules are continuously assembled and disassembled, and are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins.
-
Spatial and temporal organization of molecules and organelles is ensured by their intracellular transport to various destinations within the cytoplasm.
-
Motor proteins, including kinesins, dyneins, and myosin Vs, move along microtubules and actin filaments, transporting membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous components.
-
Human diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Griscelli's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrom, are associated with motor proteins and microtubules.
-
Microtubules have various functions in the cell, including intracellular vesicular transport, positioning of RER and Golgi complex, structuring of MTOC/centrosome, structuring of cilia and flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
-
The centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is composed of two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous matrix containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) that serve as templates for microtubule growth.
-
Microtubules are nucleated at their negative end with the positive end growing outward from each MTOC.
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Test your knowledge about ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with this quiz. Explore topics such as the structure, assembly, function, and genetic origins of ribosomes.
