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Questions and Answers
What condition is most commonly associated with Rhodococcus equi in foals?
What condition is most commonly associated with Rhodococcus equi in foals?
Which of the following factors increases the risk of infection by Rhodococcus equi in young foals?
Which of the following factors increases the risk of infection by Rhodococcus equi in young foals?
Which method is used to diagnose infections caused by Rhodococcus equi?
Which method is used to diagnose infections caused by Rhodococcus equi?
Which of the following statements about the infection spread of Rhodococcus equi is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the infection spread of Rhodococcus equi is TRUE?
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What characterizes the lung lesions associated with Rhodococcus equi infection?
What characterizes the lung lesions associated with Rhodococcus equi infection?
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What is often a result of failure of passive transfer in foals infected with Rhodococcus equi?
What is often a result of failure of passive transfer in foals infected with Rhodococcus equi?
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Which type of inflammatory response is primarily observed in the lungs of foals infected with Rhodococcus equi?
Which type of inflammatory response is primarily observed in the lungs of foals infected with Rhodococcus equi?
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What is a significant feature of the lesions found in the mesenteric lymph nodes during Rhodococcus equi infection?
What is a significant feature of the lesions found in the mesenteric lymph nodes during Rhodococcus equi infection?
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What is a key clinical sign associated with Clostridium piliforme infection?
What is a key clinical sign associated with Clostridium piliforme infection?
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Which organism is commonly linked to septicemia as a pathogen that can cause Tyzzers disease?
Which organism is commonly linked to septicemia as a pathogen that can cause Tyzzers disease?
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What type of lesions are associated with Clostridium piliforme?
What type of lesions are associated with Clostridium piliforme?
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What is a potential pathogenesis mechanism for Clostridium piliforme infection?
What is a potential pathogenesis mechanism for Clostridium piliforme infection?
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Which of the following clinical signs might indicate liver involvement in Tyzzers disease?
Which of the following clinical signs might indicate liver involvement in Tyzzers disease?
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Which of the following features is typical for the diagnosis of Tyzzers disease?
Which of the following features is typical for the diagnosis of Tyzzers disease?
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What does the pathogenesis of Clostridium piliforme primarily involve?
What does the pathogenesis of Clostridium piliforme primarily involve?
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Which of the following clinical signs is not typically associated with Tyzzers disease?
Which of the following clinical signs is not typically associated with Tyzzers disease?
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What type of lesions is associated with Strongylus vulgaris infection?
What type of lesions is associated with Strongylus vulgaris infection?
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What clinical signs may indicate a Strongylus vulgaris infection?
What clinical signs may indicate a Strongylus vulgaris infection?
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What is the primary vessel affected by the larvae of Strongylus vulgaris?
What is the primary vessel affected by the larvae of Strongylus vulgaris?
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During which months are peak pasture egg counts for Strongylus vulgaris typically observed?
During which months are peak pasture egg counts for Strongylus vulgaris typically observed?
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How do horses typically become infected with Strongylus vulgaris?
How do horses typically become infected with Strongylus vulgaris?
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What type of arteritis is caused by Strongylus vulgaris?
What type of arteritis is caused by Strongylus vulgaris?
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What is a common aspect of the pathogenesis associated with Strongylus vulgaris?
What is a common aspect of the pathogenesis associated with Strongylus vulgaris?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of the larvae migration of Strongylus vulgaris?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of the larvae migration of Strongylus vulgaris?
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What type of lesions are characteristic of Actinobacillus equuli infection?
What type of lesions are characteristic of Actinobacillus equuli infection?
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Which clinical sign is NOT associated with Actinobacillus equuli infection?
Which clinical sign is NOT associated with Actinobacillus equuli infection?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing Actinobacillus equuli in live foals?
What is the primary method for diagnosing Actinobacillus equuli in live foals?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of emboli in Actinobacillus equuli infections?
Which of the following is the most common cause of emboli in Actinobacillus equuli infections?
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How can Actinobacillus equuli be transmitted in utero?
How can Actinobacillus equuli be transmitted in utero?
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What can lead to successive abortion in mares infected with Actinobacillus equuli?
What can lead to successive abortion in mares infected with Actinobacillus equuli?
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In which organ is suppurative nephritis most commonly diagnosed in foals due to Actinobacillus equuli?
In which organ is suppurative nephritis most commonly diagnosed in foals due to Actinobacillus equuli?
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What occurs in adult horses that have Actinobacillus equuli infection?
What occurs in adult horses that have Actinobacillus equuli infection?
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What is the primary cause of multifocal necrosis in the liver?
What is the primary cause of multifocal necrosis in the liver?
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What type of hepatitis is characterized by pyogranulomatous inflammation?
What type of hepatitis is characterized by pyogranulomatous inflammation?
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Which lesion is associated with enterocolitis in foals?
Which lesion is associated with enterocolitis in foals?
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Which organ is primarily affected by the spread of bacteria via the portal circulation?
Which organ is primarily affected by the spread of bacteria via the portal circulation?
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What clinical sign might indicate necrotizing enterocolitis in a foal?
What clinical sign might indicate necrotizing enterocolitis in a foal?
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Which type of necrosis is associated with myocardial tissue during infection?
Which type of necrosis is associated with myocardial tissue during infection?
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What is a significant pathological finding in the intestine due to bacterial infection?
What is a significant pathological finding in the intestine due to bacterial infection?
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What type of histopathological evidence is characteristic of pyogranulomatous hepatitis?
What type of histopathological evidence is characteristic of pyogranulomatous hepatitis?
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What causes multiple microabscesses in small capillaries and glomeruli?
What causes multiple microabscesses in small capillaries and glomeruli?
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Which of the following conditions can predispose animals to septicaemia?
Which of the following conditions can predispose animals to septicaemia?
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What is a key clinical sign of grass sickness or equine dysautonomia?
What is a key clinical sign of grass sickness or equine dysautonomia?
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In histological examination of grass sickness, what is typically observed?
In histological examination of grass sickness, what is typically observed?
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The reddened neurons seen in grass sickness indicate what?
The reddened neurons seen in grass sickness indicate what?
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What role does unsanitary birthing conditions play in animal health?
What role does unsanitary birthing conditions play in animal health?
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Which organ, besides the kidneys, commonly shows microabscesses in cases of septicaemia?
Which organ, besides the kidneys, commonly shows microabscesses in cases of septicaemia?
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What pathophysiological mechanism primarily results from clostridium botulinum type C?
What pathophysiological mechanism primarily results from clostridium botulinum type C?
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Study Notes
Clostridium Piliforme (Tyzzer's Disease)
- Lesions: Diffusely enlarged, with miliary grey foci. Multiple, small lesions with surrounding normal tissue. Multifocal or coalescing irregular areas of necrotizing and pyogranulomatous hepatitis, potentially with hemorrhage.
- Clinical Signs: Diarrhoea, joint lesions, pneumonia, and meningitis.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Often associated with equine herpesvirus type 1, Salmonella spp., or E.coli septicaemia, Actinobacillus equuli (sleepy foal disease), or Listeria monocytogenes. Transmission is typically via ingested fecal matter. Bacteria enter the intestinal tract and reach the liver via portal circulation. Multifocal hepatic necrosis can result.
- Diagnosis: Gross findings include icterus (jaundice), liver enlargement. Multiple pinpoint to miliary grey foci within the liver. Necrotizing enterocolitis and oedema/congestion of the intestine. Heart may show white linear bands. Lymph nodes are often haemorrhagic and oedematous. Microscopic findings include multifocal to coalescing irregular areas of hepatic necrosis which are often surrounded by inflammation, macrophages, and neutrophils (pyogranulomatous hepatitis). Enterocolitis, sometimes necrotizing. Possible presence of bacteria within enterocytes and crypt abscesses. Heart tissue may show foci of myocardial necrosis.
Strongylus Vulgaris
- Lesions: Segmental (localized) and extensive transmural necrosis of the large colon; chronic, severe, focally extensive proliferative and necrotizing transmural arteritis with mural thrombosis, with numerous intralesional larval strongyles.
- Clinical Signs: Cholic signs, but asymptomatic unless thrombosis or vascular damage compromise bowel perfusion.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Horses ingest L3 larvae. Peak pasture egg counts are typically from July to September. Larvae migrate to the cranial mesenteric artery and its branches. Random movement of these larvae causes damage along with their presence following vessel curvature. Not all larvae enter the aorta due to the perpendicular connection with the main artery. This can lead to cholic signs.
- Diagnosis: Cranial mesentery artery, chronic, multifocal proliferative and necrotizing transmural arteritis with mural thrombosis containing numerous strongyle larvae.
Coccobacilli
- Lesions: Multifocal to coalescing white to yellow semi-soft to firm nodules in the lung. Diffuse enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes. Pyogranulomatous pneumonia, multifocal ulcerative colitis, pyogranulomatous and necrotizing central core, multifocal to coalescing pyogranulomatous, lympho-plasmacytic pneumonia with intrahistiocytic coccobacilli.
- Clinical Signs: Lethargy, fever, cough, increased respiration.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Rhodococcus equi is the common cause. Normally inhabits soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of herbivores.
- Diagnosis: Radiographic or ultrasonographic evidence of lung abscesses. Bacterial culture and/or PCR in combination with cytological examination of transtracheal aspirates.
Actinobacillus Equuli
- Lesions: Multifocal small white miliary lesions in the kidney cortex. Blue areas of multi-focal lesions of inflammatory, degenerate neutrophils. Multifocal embolism, suppurative necrotizing nephritis with large colonies of coccobacilli, tubular degeneration and necrosis.
- Clinical Signs: Unwillingness to move, diarrhoea, hypernea, dehydration, conjunctival inflammation.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Most common cause of suppurative nephritis in foals. Can enter the body pre/postnatally (e.g., from the umbilicus or during birth). Bacilli may persist, causing successive abortion in mares. Bacteremia causes septic emboli, lodging in small capillaries, glomeruli, or other organs. Inflammation or necrosis may obstruct glomeruli. Can be a predisposing factor to septicaemia and death in foals.
- Diagnosis: Isolation of bacteria via culture. Blood cultures for live foals, post-mortem kidney and lung biopsy for dead foals, primary organ focus for adult horses
Grass Sickness/Equine Dysautonomia
- Lesions: Cranial cervical ganglion, check eosinophilic colour, reddened neurones showing neurological damage, degeneration of neuronal clusters, plexa affected.
- Clinical Signs: Weight loss, cholic (abdominal pain), tachycardia (fast heart rate), sweating, tucked abdomen.
- Pathogensis/Causes: Caused by Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin. Affecting nerves leading to issues with food passage through the intestines. The acute clinical presentation includes colic, tympany, drooling, which rapidly progresses toward a nearly always-fatal outcome within 7 days.
- Diagnosis: Histological examination reveals neuronal degradation in intestinal and extra-intestinal ganglia. Cytological examination of cranial cervical ganglion is a relevant post-mortem diagnostic method.
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Test your knowledge on Rhodococcus equi infections in foals, including diagnosis, symptoms, and risk factors. This quiz covers various aspects of the condition and associated organisms, like Clostridium piliforme. Perfect for veterinary students and professionals.
