Questions and Answers
What is a rhetorical situation?
The situation that animates a speech-- the context, time, audience, and circumstances.
Which of the following are Aristotle's 3 types of speeches?
What defines a Forensic speech?
Forensic means 'pertaining to the law'. A forensic speech aims to argue guilt or innocence.
What is the purpose of an Epideictic speech?
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What is the goal of a Deliberative speech?
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What are some types of speeches other than Aristotle's classifications?
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What is a Eulogy?
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What does an Encomium do?
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What is an Apologia?
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What are three intents behind Cicero's approach to speaking?
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What does Informational speaking aim to do?
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What is the aim of Persuasive speaking according to Cicero?
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What does speaking to entertain involve?
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What did Aristotle study regarding speeches?
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What was Cicero's focus in studying speeches?
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Who is Lloyd Bitzer?
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What is exigence in the context of rhetorical situations?
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Who is the audience in a rhetorical situation?
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What are constraints in relation to exigence?
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Provide an example of a rhetorical situation aimed to persuade a football team.
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What was the exigence in President Bush's state of the union address?
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Study Notes
Rhetorical Situation
- Defines the context for a speech, including time, audience, and circumstances.
Aristotle's 3 Types of Speeches
- Forensic: Legal context, aiming to argue guilt or innocence.
- Epideictic: Occasion-based speeches that assess qualities rather than persuade directly.
- Deliberative: Focused on future actions requiring audience decision-making.
Forensic Speech
- Pertains to legal settings; audience includes judges or juries.
- Goal: to argue guilt or innocence, exemplified in media portrayals like Law & Order.
Epideictic Speech
- Known as "occasional" speeches, common in events rather than institutions.
- Evaluative in nature, focusing on the quality of people or events rather than direct persuasion.
Deliberative Speech
- Centers on decision-making regarding future actions.
- Engages the audience as voters or decision-makers, such as in elections or career choices.
Other Types of Speeches
- Eulogy: Commemorative speech given at funerals.
- Encomium: Speech praising a person or thing, designed to encourage or instruct.
- Apologia: Justifying or apologizing for an action, aiming to alter audience perception favorably.
Cicero's Speaker Intent
- Distinguishes between three intents: informational, persuasive, and entertaining.
Informational Speaking
- Intended to enhance audience understanding of a topic.
Persuasive Speaking
- Aims to create change in audience opinions or actions.
Speaking to Entertain
- Ceremonial speeches designed to amuse, such as wedding toasts or after-dinner speeches.
Aristotle's Guidelines
- Focused on classifying speeches based on circumstance.
Cicero's Guidelines
- Emphasized understanding the complexity and intentions behind speeches.
Lloyd Bitzer
- Defined "rhetorical situation" by blending Aristotle's and Cicero's approaches.
- Michael Calvin McGee expanded this concept to include broader factors influencing speech meaning.
Exigence
- Refers to a problem or occasion prompting someone to speak.
Audience
- The group targeted for persuasion or action as a result of the speech.
Constraints
- Factors hindering effective response to exigence, which may include societal attitudes, laws, or structures.
Rhetorical Situation Example: Football Team
- Audience: Football team
- Exigence: Need for motivation
- Constraints: Team fatigue and discouragement from previous performance.
Rhetorical Situation Example: State of the Union Address
- Audience: Congress and the American public, including viewers at home.
- Exigence: Challenges of prolonged war, seeking support for presidential actions.
- Constraints: Audience apprehensions about war, including fears and moral concerns.
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Description
Explore the key concepts surrounding rhetorical situations and Aristotle's three types of speeches through this engaging flashcard quiz. Learn about the contexts that animate speeches, including forensic, epideictic, and deliberative types. Test your comprehension and improve your understanding of effective communication.
