Untitled Quiz

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems.

Step 1: Surveillance - determine the time, place, and person affected. Step 2: Assessment - analyze the problem to understand its magnitude and characteristics. Step 3: Hypothesis testing - develop and test hypotheses about the causes and risk factors. Step 4: Intervention - implement strategies to control or prevent the health problem.

<p>The theory that diseases were caused by evil spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Koch's postulates are four criteria that must be fulfilled to establish a causal relationship between a specific microbe and a specific disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that disease results from the interaction of multiple ecological factors within a dynamic system made up of an agent of disease, host, and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents a hypothetical lever where the host and the agent are at opposite ends, and the environment serves as the fulcrum. The balance of this lever is affected by the interactions between the agent, host, and environment, which ultimately determine the outcome of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a model that depicts the relationship between the agent, host, and environment. The agent represents the causative factor of the disease, the host represents the susceptible individual, and the environment encompasses the surrounding conditions that can influence disease transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical factors include water quality, temperature, and geographic location. Social factors encompass population density, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reservoir of infection is a living organism or inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies. The agent depends on that reservoir for survival and reproduces in a way that allows it to be transmitted to a susceptible host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct contact transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonliving objects that can harbor and transmit infectious agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vectors are living organisms, typically insects or arthropods, that transmit infectious agents from one host to another. They can act as mechanical vectors, passively carrying the agent on their body parts, or biological vectors, where the agent multiplies and develops within the vector before transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range of infection encompasses the spectrum of illness, from inapparent infection (asymptomatic) to severe disease. Understanding this range is essential for effective prevention and management of diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The host's social and cultural background</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased susceptibility to other infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A <strong>necessary cause</strong> must be present for the disease to occur, meaning it always precedes the effect. However, it may not be enough to cause the disease on its own. A <strong>sufficient cause</strong> is a factor that inevitably initiates or produces an effect, it alone is capable of causing the disease. In reality, most disease causation involves a combination of necessary and sufficient causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herd immunity is the resistance of a group or community to invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals within that group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage of diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease during which an individual in the population is vulnerable or at risk to acquire the infection and/or amenable to be harmed by a health determinant. The risk factors are present in the pre-exposure period, although the infection or disease itself is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The period following exposure to an agent or risk factor, where the host's immune system responds to the challenge and attempts to prevent or control the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage of presymptomatic disease, also known as the subclinical stage, is the period when the etiological factors (such as the agent, risk behaviors, or environmental toxins) are present in the body and causing pathological changes, but the host does not yet show any noticeable signs or symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The incubation period is the asymptomatic period between exposure to an infectious agent and the onset of symptoms. It occurs during the presymptomatic or subclinical stage of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage of clinical disease begins when sufficient end-organ changes occur to produce recognizable signs and symptoms of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The final stage in the natural history of disease, which deals with the outcomes: recovery, disability or death. If the disease does not result in death, the individual will recover or experience disability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quaternary prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primordial prevention focuses on preventing the development of risk factors before they appear, typically before the stage of pre-pathogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of disease by targeting the underlying risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt treatment of disease to prevent progression and reduce complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of existing disease by supporting complete treatment, limiting disability, and providing rehabilitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary data is those collected directly by the researcher. Primary data sources include surveys, interviews, questionnaires, and direct observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Census data provides information on population numbers and distributions by age, sex, and other demographics, which is useful for understanding the characteristics of a population. It also allows for small-area estimation and disaggregation of data, providing insights into the geographic variability of health outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One of the primary limitations is the inclusion of very limited health questions. Therefore, it is not suitable for exploring detailed health patterns or disease prevalence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary aim of civil registries is the establishment of legal documents, such as birth and death certificates, as required by law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Civil registries primarily collect vital statistics, such as birth, death, marriage, and divorce records.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring notifiable diseases allows public health officials to track disease outbreaks and identify potential problems early on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population surveys gather prime data on risk factors, offer the opportunity to study the relationship between health and socio-economic determinants, and provide detailed information on a specific population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may be less efficient, requiring larger sample sizes, to detect rare events. They can be affected by sampling error which can lead to inaccurate estimates of the target population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Institution-based surveillance data is gathered from institutions such as healthcare facilities, schools, and workplaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case reporting is the collection of data on individual cases of disease. Morbidity and mortality data refers to the incidence and prevalence of disease, as well as death rates. Availability and quality of services are important factors assessed in institution-based surveillance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food and agricultural records provide insights into food safety, production, and potential sources of contamination. Occupational reports offer data on workplace hazards and potential exposures, while police records provide insights into crime patterns and potential health risks associated with certain neighborhoods or populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial budget</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary data and secondary data are the two general types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interviews, questionnaires, surveys, focus groups, and direct observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computerized bibliographic databases, census data, registries, hospital records, and insurance records.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data privacy and confidentiality ensure that personal information collected in a study is kept private and securely maintained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data sharing involves the voluntary release of information collected in a study for research purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining control over intellectual property, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of research subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data linkage involves joining data from two or more sources to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of health outcomes and risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring the compatibility and interoperability of different data sources and safeguarding the confidentiality of individual data records.</p> Signup and view all the answers