Revolutions, democracy, and change

Definitions and Key Concepts

• A revolution involves fighting the existing government and revolting against it
• Revolution: a radical change in the established order, typically involving government
• Democracy is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, usually through elected representatives
• Paradigm: set of ideas or a way of looking at something.
• Change: Conversion, transformation or movement.
• Nations undergo dramatic change during times of revolution and innovation
• these times lay the foundations of fairness and development.

Revolutions

• Scientific revolution included a series of of events that brought modern science
• It took place in Europe from the 1500s to the 1600s.
• Revolution laid the foundations of Western civilization in math, physics, and astronomy.
• Scientific Revolution Emphasized empirical observation.
• Transformed the way people viewed society and nature
• The Enlightenment grew out of new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment definition: intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the 18th century

Enlightenment Principles

• Key principles included independent thought
• Accepted knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason
• They did not accept the church authority

Scientific Revolution’s Impact

• It transformed many areas of life
• Featured a paradigm shift of thinking about the world
• Science contradicted religion and vice versa
• Most scientists were Christian and sought to further discover God’s design
• The Church felt threatened by new understandings and saw the theories as a challenge to authority
• Royal Society Science tried to re-establish mankind as dominion

Key people and their viewpoints

• Thomas Hobbes believed humans are naturally greedy, selfish and orrupt
• Hobbes said people need a social contract to give up freedom
• Hobbes believed a strong authority is necessary
• John Locke believed in natural laws and rights
• Locke said humans are born with natural rights, and government should protect people
• Jean-Jaques Rousseau said people are inherently good but become corrupted by society
• Rosseau thought a social contract is needed
• Montesquieu said the government should be divided into three branches to protect peace and limit power
• Voltaire argued for freedom of thought, speech, politics, and religion
• Voltaire fought against injustice, inequality, and intolerance.

The American Revolution (1775-1783)

• In 1607, Britain arrived in North America and established 13 colonies over 300 years
• The arrival of the British wiped out 9/10 of the natives with Smallpox
• Colonists began to resent British control
• Stamp Act required legal documents to be taxed by the British
• This led to little or no taxation without representation
• Boston Massacre occurred when patriots were protesting occupation of the British and led to the killing of 6 civilians
• In the Boston Tea Party, colonists dressed like Natives, boarded a ship and dumped 342 chests of tea into the water
• A group of colonists met to discuss how to oppose British taxes, and formed the First Continental Congress
• The Battle of Lexington and Concord marked the start of the American Revolution between the British and the Colonists
• Us Declaration of Independence claimed the 13 colonies as independent from Britain
• British General Cornwallis surrendered George Washington at the Siege of New York Town
• The Treaty of Paris recognized US independence and guaranteed territory

Key facts about the United States

• Formal and supreme law of the United States is US Constitution
• The United States has three established branches of government
• The United States has a Bill of Rights to ensure individual rights

The French Revolution

• Absolute monarchs did not share control with the parliament
• The social hierarchy of 18th century France included three Estates
• The First Estate was clergy, second was nobility comprising 2%
• The Third Estate made up the rest society at 97%.
• Louis XIV Ruled from 1643-1715
• Louis greatly increased France's national debt, offsetting this deficit by increasing taxes.
• Causes of the French Revolution
  • Third estate heavily taxed
  • Crop failures and grain shortages
  • High price of stable food
• It ended when Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup and established himself as Frances first consul.

The Scientific Revolution People

• Nicolas Copernicus was an astronomer from the early 1500s who created the heliocentric model
• Galileo Galilei was an astronomer from the early 1500s
  • He built telescopes
  • Observed the Milky Way, Venus and Saturn's rings
• Isaac Newton was a mathematician and astronomer from the 1600s and developed the law of motion and gravity

Unit 2: Colonialism, Slavery, Racism

• Systems are sets of interacting or interdependent components that provide structure and order in human, natural and built environments
• Systems can be static or dynamic, simple or complex
• Colonization: action of settling among and establishing control over indigenous people of an area
• Imperialism: a policy of extending a countries power and influence through diplomacy or military force
• Slavery: the condition of being legally owned by someone. Racism includes things people say, do or think based on the belief that their own race makes them more intelligent, good, moral, etc.
• Mercantilism: a system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries
• Monopoly: only one company or organization has full control over business or activity Scramble for Africa was from 1885-1914
  • Involved Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal and Italy
  • Reshaped Africa’s landscape, boundaries, and politics
• Colonial empires provide much of the basis for today's inequalities and affect wealth distribution

Rise of the British Empire

• Included territories like India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Burma
• "Empire on which the sun never sets"
• By the 1800s, Britain grew rapidly and was seen as an unrivaled superpower
• By the 1900s, it governed 1/5th of the world's population and key colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, and India
• Around the 1400s-1500s British began with exploration and maritime trade
• Britain's advanced navy led to the dominance over the world.
• Queen Elizabeth I between 1558-1603 encouraged self-sufficiency through growth in trade and agriculture

British East India Company

• Private join stock company
• Established trade in Asia.
• Grew into a powerful force.
• a central role in British Colonial expansion in Asia
• Trade goods taken to Africa and transatlantic slave trade from 1700s
• William Wilberforce supported abolition

British Colonies

• the Jewel in the Crown
• had a lot of commodities.
• Muslims were favored over the majority Hindus in India
• Decline of the empire began with religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus
• In the 1600s, BEIC established trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta,.
• At first, the Mungal Empire kept the British traders under control
• By 1707, the Mughal Empire was collapsing with small states breaking away.
• In 1767, the British gained a victory at the battle of Plassey
• The British Government allowed the BEIC to act as representatives of British
• In 1850s, the Sepoy led rebellion against British rule due to growing resentment
• After the revolution, the British government took control in 1858
• In 1947, Britain exited India rapidly, India was Partitioned into India and Pakistan which led to intense conflict until today

Other British Colonies

• Portugal began Using Macau as a port in the 1600s
• Britain Sold opium, leading to addicted Chinese citizens
• The British started war against China
• Britih Began Trade of Opium in China in the 1800s
• China banned Opium trading - Britain refused to stop trading
• China and Britain went to war over Opium trade (Opium war)
  • Britain quickly defeated China
• As a result, China was forced to sign treaties - The Treaty of Nanjing
  • Opened 5 more ports
  • Ceded Hong Kong
• Diminish of British control happened with the Boxer Rebellion
• Society of the Riteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising between 1899 and 1901 against western influence
• Sun Yat Sen was the leader of the Chinese Revolution in 1911
• Defeated Qing Dynasty, Diminished Control of outside powers

British Control in Africa

• Europeans regularly traded with Africa in 1400s
• Africans had strong militaries

European powers

• Discovery of quinine prevented malaria Developed maxim gun and steam boat,
• Existed from Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Northwestern Somalia, Zimbabewe, Zambia, Nigeria, Ghawna, Malawi

Factors of Britsh colonization

• Control of territory and access to resources for profit
• Display prestige and power and involvement in the slave trade
• Spread Christianity
• Resource exploitation -Railroads
• access to global markets
• Disregarded Traditional boundaries
• Traditional boundaries disregarded
• Cultural damage, African Unity, and Racism.

Slavery

• It is the practice or institution of holding people as chattel, involuntary or under threat of force
• The belief that different races possess distinct characteristics, especially which distinguish them inferior or superior to each other
• existed prior to Colonialism, including Romans, Egyptians, African enthono linguistic group with enslavement due to punishments, debts, and war
• Abolition Is an action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, institution
• Abolitionists supported bringing an end to systems who was influential in abolishing slavery
• William Wilberforce, a British Politician, spent his entire life to abolish slavery
  • He Influenced by religion, morality, and education
• Fedrick Douglass was an escaped slave who became a powerful speaker, leader of abolition movement
• Sojowner Truth was an escaped slave who advocated for women’s rights
• Won a major court case when her son was sold illegally
• Toussaint Louverture was a freed slave who became a slave owner himself
  • He led a successful slave revolt against French
• John Newton was a former slave trader who wrote "Amazing Grace"
• John Brown was an American abolitionist who believed in armed uprising to abolish slavery
  • He was known for raiding the federal army
• William Lloyd Garrison an American abolitionist worked as a journalist
  • Known for publishing "liberator"
• Harriet Tubman made 13 missions to rescue 70 enslaved people
  • SHe used a "Underground Railroad
• Horace Greely powerful newspaper supported the end of Slavery

Additional Concepts

Revolution, modern: media and establish organization

• Visuals - Whip, handcuff, black men , Cotton Held, White men , owner, master

Modern Slavery happens when an individual is exploited by others, for personal or commercial gain

• Human trafficking is tricking someone into moving to a new place,
• Forced Labor involves work aganist their will,
• Seual Exploitation means Abusing sexual gratification,
• Domestic Servitude involves forcing someone to work in a household under exploitive conditions Systemic Racism - policies and practices that exist throughout society that supports unfair treatment
• Industrial revolution at the century when began undergoing a period of change as technology began transforming life at much faster rate
• 1st stage : 1760 ~ 1830
• 2nd state : 1870 ~ 1940

Features development:

• Mass production, electricity sources of power, improved tech

Pre-revolution industry :

• was primarily agricultural
• UK, Europe : superiorisy over Europe Low prices

Industrial impact

Inventions, Low prices, high productions, industry

Industrial impact 20th century

• In high increase of working the increase the rights that the working wants

Economy’s impact on the 20th century

• Consumerism will grow

Industrial Revolution in Japan

Tokugawa Shogonate (1608-1868) military time in Japan

• Us Ship arrived in Tokyo Bay to pressure to trade Japanese to west state
• The Shogon was known and liked by many people
• Emperor Meiji power intend to strengthen Japan against what foreign power are targeting to colonize Japan Japan experienced rapid modernization and industrialization West style or known as exports are known hired and popular by economics, education, and military in order to boost the nation's power.