Questions and Answers
What type of reaction occurs when macromolecules are assembled from monomers?
Which of the following is an example of a simple carbohydrate?
What ratio of elements characterizes carbohydrates?
What is the primary source of energy among carbohydrates?
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In hydrolysis reactions, what is the main result of breaking down macromolecules?
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What distinguishes aldehydes from ketones in molecular structure?
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Which of the following pairs forms a disaccharide through a glycosidic linkage?
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What is the primary structure of a polysaccharide?
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Which carbohydrate is primarily involved in glucose storage for plants?
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What structural difference exists between α-glucose and β-glucose?
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What is true about oligosaccharides and their digestion in humans?
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Which of the following best describes the arrangement of atoms in isomers?
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What is the main function of dietary fiber in the human diet?
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Study Notes
Macromolecules Overview
- Large molecules, or polymers, composed of smaller structural units called monomers.
- Four major biologically important macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
- Water is removed during the formation of new molecules.
- Monomers combine to form polymers through an anabolic reaction.
- Energy is required, and water is released.
Hydrolysis Reaction
- Breakdown of macromolecules where water is used to disassemble polymers into monomers.
- Catabolic reaction characterized by energy release.
Carbohydrates Functions
- Serve as primary energy sources, e.g., glucose is the main energy source.
- Act as building materials and cell surface markers for communication.
- Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Formula: (CH2O)n).
Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
- Smallest structural units of carbohydrates (C6H12O6).
- Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- Polar and hydrophilic (water-soluble).
- Characterized by the number of carbons and functional groups, primarily –OH and carbonyl (=O) groups.
Carbonyl Types
- Aldehyde: At the end of the molecule; must have hydrogen attached to C=O.
- Ketone: Located in the middle of the molecule; both R groups are hydrocarbons.
Isomerism
- Isomers are monosaccharides with the same chemical formula but different atom arrangements (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose all share C6H12O6).
Glucose Variants
- α-Glucose: -OH below the plane of the molecule.
- β-Glucose: -OH above the plane.
Disaccharides
- Formed by two monosaccharides linked through a condensation reaction, creating a glycosidic linkage.
- Examples:
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (e.g., in infant formula, beer).
- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (e.g., in sugar cane, table sugar).
- Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (e.g., in milk).
Complex Carbohydrates
Oligosaccharides
- Composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharides linked together.
- Example: Raffinose (glucose, galactose, fructose) found in beans, peas, lentils, causing digestive issues due to enzyme lack.
Polysaccharides
- Formed from more than 10 monosaccharides linked, potentially hundreds.
- Types of polysaccharides include:
- Starch: Glucose storage in plants, consisting of amylopectin (branched) and amylose (coiled).
- Glycogen: Glucose storage in animals.
- Dietary Fiber: Not energy-used; includes cellulose (plants) and chitin (organisms).
Starch Sources
- Found in grains, dried beans, pasta, bread, and potatoes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on macromolecules, the essential building blocks of life. This quiz covers the four major types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, along with the process of condensation or dehydration synthesis. Dive into the world of polymers and monomers to see how these complex molecules are formed.
