Review: Macromolecules
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Questions and Answers

What type of reaction occurs when macromolecules are assembled from monomers?

  • Hydrolysis
  • Fermentation
  • Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis (correct)
  • Dissolution
  • Which of the following is an example of a simple carbohydrate?

  • Sucrose (correct)
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • What ratio of elements characterizes carbohydrates?

  • 1:1:1
  • 1:2:1 (correct)
  • 2:1:1
  • 2:2:1
  • What is the primary source of energy among carbohydrates?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hydrolysis reactions, what is the main result of breaking down macromolecules?

    <p>Energy is released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aldehydes from ketones in molecular structure?

    <p>Aldehydes must have a hydrogen attached to the C=O group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs forms a disaccharide through a glycosidic linkage?

    <p>Glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a polysaccharide?

    <p>10 or more monosaccharides linked together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is primarily involved in glucose storage for plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural difference exists between α-glucose and β-glucose?

    <p>The orientation of the -OH group differs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about oligosaccharides and their digestion in humans?

    <p>They cause gas, cramps, and bloating due to enzyme deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the arrangement of atoms in isomers?

    <p>They have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dietary fiber in the human diet?

    <p>To support digestive health and provide structural integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macromolecules Overview

    • Large molecules, or polymers, composed of smaller structural units called monomers.
    • Four major biologically important macromolecules:
      • Carbohydrates
      • Lipids
      • Proteins
      • Nucleic acids

    Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

    • Water is removed during the formation of new molecules.
    • Monomers combine to form polymers through an anabolic reaction.
    • Energy is required, and water is released.

    Hydrolysis Reaction

    • Breakdown of macromolecules where water is used to disassemble polymers into monomers.
    • Catabolic reaction characterized by energy release.

    Carbohydrates Functions

    • Serve as primary energy sources, e.g., glucose is the main energy source.
    • Act as building materials and cell surface markers for communication.
    • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Formula: (CH2O)n).

    Simple Carbohydrates

    Monosaccharides

    • Smallest structural units of carbohydrates (C6H12O6).
    • Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
    • Polar and hydrophilic (water-soluble).
    • Characterized by the number of carbons and functional groups, primarily –OH and carbonyl (=O) groups.

    Carbonyl Types

    • Aldehyde: At the end of the molecule; must have hydrogen attached to C=O.
    • Ketone: Located in the middle of the molecule; both R groups are hydrocarbons.

    Isomerism

    • Isomers are monosaccharides with the same chemical formula but different atom arrangements (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose all share C6H12O6).

    Glucose Variants

    • α-Glucose: -OH below the plane of the molecule.
    • β-Glucose: -OH above the plane.

    Disaccharides

    • Formed by two monosaccharides linked through a condensation reaction, creating a glycosidic linkage.
    • Examples:
      • Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (e.g., in infant formula, beer).
      • Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (e.g., in sugar cane, table sugar).
      • Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (e.g., in milk).

    Complex Carbohydrates

    Oligosaccharides

    • Composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharides linked together.
    • Example: Raffinose (glucose, galactose, fructose) found in beans, peas, lentils, causing digestive issues due to enzyme lack.

    Polysaccharides

    • Formed from more than 10 monosaccharides linked, potentially hundreds.
    • Types of polysaccharides include:
      • Starch: Glucose storage in plants, consisting of amylopectin (branched) and amylose (coiled).
      • Glycogen: Glucose storage in animals.
      • Dietary Fiber: Not energy-used; includes cellulose (plants) and chitin (organisms).

    Starch Sources

    • Found in grains, dried beans, pasta, bread, and potatoes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on macromolecules, the essential building blocks of life. This quiz covers the four major types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, along with the process of condensation or dehydration synthesis. Dive into the world of polymers and monomers to see how these complex molecules are formed.

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