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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular adaptation to stress?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular adaptation to stress?
- Hyperplasia
- Irreversible cell death (correct)
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
Reversible cell injury always leads to cell death if the stressor is not removed.
Reversible cell injury always leads to cell death if the stressor is not removed.
False (B)
Define 'degeneration' in the context of cell injury.
Define 'degeneration' in the context of cell injury.
Reversible morphological changes affecting cells due to absence of adaptation or when cell adaptation is exceeded
__________ change is characterized by the intracellular accumulation of fat.
__________ change is characterized by the intracellular accumulation of fat.
Match the degree of hydropic degeneration with its description:
Match the degree of hydropic degeneration with its description:
Which of the following organs is LEAST likely to be affected by hydropic degeneration?
Which of the following organs is LEAST likely to be affected by hydropic degeneration?
Cloudy swelling in hydropic degeneration is primarily caused by increased influx of water into the cell.
Cloudy swelling in hydropic degeneration is primarily caused by increased influx of water into the cell.
List three causes of fatty change ('steatosis').
List three causes of fatty change ('steatosis').
In fatty change, fat globules distend the cell and may unite into a single large one, pushing the nucleus to the side, creating a __________ cell.
In fatty change, fat globules distend the cell and may unite into a single large one, pushing the nucleus to the side, creating a __________ cell.
Which of the following is a characteristic gross feature of organs affected by fatty change?
Which of the following is a characteristic gross feature of organs affected by fatty change?
Accumulation of MPS in epithelial cells results in mucoid degeneration.
Accumulation of MPS in epithelial cells results in mucoid degeneration.
Describe the appearance of hyaline material.
Describe the appearance of hyaline material.
Hyaline degeneration involves the deposition of a __________ material either intracellularly or extracellularly.
Hyaline degeneration involves the deposition of a __________ material either intracellularly or extracellularly.
Deposits of ____ cause mucoid change in nasal mucosa in case of catarrhal inflammation.
Deposits of ____ cause mucoid change in nasal mucosa in case of catarrhal inflammation.
Accumulation of mucin in epithelial cells results in Myxomatus degeneration.
Accumulation of mucin in epithelial cells results in Myxomatus degeneration.
Match the cause of degeneration to its location
Match the cause of degeneration to its location
Which of the following is NOT an example of reversible cell injury?
Which of the following is NOT an example of reversible cell injury?
Mitochondrial fragments is a feature of hydropic degeneration.
Mitochondrial fragments is a feature of hydropic degeneration.
What is the primary cause of cloudy swelling in hydropic degeneration?
What is the primary cause of cloudy swelling in hydropic degeneration?
A liver affected by marked steatosis would appear __________ on gross examination.
A liver affected by marked steatosis would appear __________ on gross examination.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with fatty change of the liver?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with fatty change of the liver?
Steatosis can affect only the liver.
Steatosis can affect only the liver.
Define hyaline degeneration.
Define hyaline degeneration.
In microscopy the hyaline deposits appear colorless or __________ colored
In microscopy the hyaline deposits appear colorless or __________ colored
In case of catarrhal inflammation of the nasal mucosa what change is observed?
In case of catarrhal inflammation of the nasal mucosa what change is observed?
Mucoid change is defined as the excessive deposition of collagen.
Mucoid change is defined as the excessive deposition of collagen.
Name two features of tissues that indicate hydropic swelling
Name two features of tissues that indicate hydropic swelling
Bacterial and chemical toxins cause the abnormal accumulation of ________
Bacterial and chemical toxins cause the abnormal accumulation of ________
Which statement summarizes hyaline degeneration in pathology:
Which statement summarizes hyaline degeneration in pathology:
Chronic alcoholism can result in fatty change.
Chronic alcoholism can result in fatty change.
Flashcards
Cell Stress
Cell Stress
Cellular response to stressors, potentially leading to adaptation or injury.
Degeneration
Degeneration
Reversible morphological changes affecting cells due to absence of adaptation or exceeded cell adaptation limits.
Hydropic Degeneration
Hydropic Degeneration
Reversible cell damage characterized by the accumulation of water inside cells.
Cloudy Swelling
Cloudy Swelling
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Hydropic Degeneration Mechanism
Hydropic Degeneration Mechanism
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Fatty Change (Steatosis)
Fatty Change (Steatosis)
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Microscopic Appearance of Steatosis
Microscopic Appearance of Steatosis
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Hyaline Degeneration
Hyaline Degeneration
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Mucoid Degeneration
Mucoid Degeneration
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Myxomatous Degeneration
Myxomatous Degeneration
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Study Notes
- Reversible cell injury includes cell stress, adaptation, and cell injury
- Cell injury can be reversible via degeneration, or irreversible via cell death
Reversible Cell Injury and Changes
- Reversible cell injury is associated with disturbed water, fat, and mucopolysaccharide metabolism, as well as hyaline change.
Degeneration Defined
- Degeneration is the reversible morphological changes affecting cells in the absence of adaptation, or in the case of exceeded cell adaptation.
Hydropic Degeneration
- Hydropic degeneration is reversible cell damage characterized by the accumulation of water inside cells.
- The degree of water accumulation determines the naming of the degeneration:
- Mild accumulation results in cloudy swelling.
- Moderate accumulation results in vacuolar degeneration.
- Severe accumulation results in hydropic degeneration.
Organs Affected by Hydropic Degeneration
- Specialized cells of parenchymatous organs such as the kidney, liver, and heart are affected.
Pathogenesis of Hydropic Degeneration
- Cloudy swelling involves mitochondrial swelling fragmentation.
- ATP production fails due to the inactivation of the Na pump, causing retention of Na and water inside cells.
- Hydropic degeneration involves increased cell membrane permeability, leading to an influx of water.
Fatty Change (Steatosis)
- Fatty change, or steatosis, denotes the abnormal accumulation of fat inside cells.
- Causes of steatosis include bacterial toxins (diphtheria), chemical toxins, malnutrition, and chronic alcoholism.
Organs Affected and Gross Appearance of Steatosis
- The liver, kidney, and heart are organs affected by steatosis.
- Grossly, affected organs increase in size and appear pale yellow and soft.
Microscopic Features of Steatosis
- Fat globules distend the cell and unite to form a single, large globule that pushes the nucleus, creating a "signet ring cell" appearance.
Learning Resources for Practical Lessons
- Accumulation of mucin in epithelial cells results in mucoid degeneration.
- Accumulation of MPS in connective tissue results in myxomatous degeneration.
Hyaline Degeneration
- Hyaline degeneration involves intracellular or extracellular deposition of a homogeneous, structureless, and eosinophilic material.
- Hyaline changes can be observed in plasma cells and thickened blood vessel walls.
Mucoid Change
- Mucoid change can be observed in the nasal mucosa in cases of catarrhal inflammation, where the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium is affected.
Myxoid Background
- Myxoid background manifests as a section in a tumor tissue showing a myxoid substance.
Liver Cirrhosis
- Liver cirrhosis: a change in the tissue architecture and framework of the liver.
- In contrast to a normal liver, this occurs with chronic malnutrition, which can lead to generalized atrophy and fatty change of the liver.
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