Retortamonas Intestinalis Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic shape of the trophozoite of Retortamonas intestinalis?

  • Ovoid
  • Acanthopodial
  • Pyriform
  • Ellipsoidal (correct)

    • Which flagellate has a fragmented karyosome or tetra karyosome?

  • Acanthopodia
  • Retortamonas
  • Trichomonas
  • Dientamoeba (correct)

    • What is the characteristic motility of Trichomonas?

  • Slow and directional
  • Rapid directional
  • Fast jerky and tumbling (correct)
  • Corkscrew

    • Which flagellate has a trophozoite size of 5-15um?

    <p>Dientamoeba fragilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the cyst of Retortamonas intestinalis?

    <p>Fibrils extend above the nucleus giving the 'bird's beak' appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flagellate is the only pathogenic species among the genus Trichomonas?

    <p>Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the trophozoite stage of Acanthopodia?

    <p>Spine-like projections called acanthopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of the cyst stage of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>8-15um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Trichomonas vaginalis transmit?

    <p>Through sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Dientamoeba fragilis?

    <p>Presence of parabasal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the cyst stage of Retortamonas intestinalis?

    <p>Ovoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of nuclei present in the trophozoite stage of Acanthopodia?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the trophozoite stage of Trichomonas tenax?

    <p>Leaf-like shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Balamuthia mandrillaris enter the host?

    <p>Through nasal passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of nuclei present in the trophozoite stage of Chilomastix mesnili?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is characterized by the presence of a 'bull's eye karyosome'?

    <p>Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amoebas is found in the buccal cavity?

    <p>Entamoeba gingivalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas has a cigar-shaped or barr-shaped chromatoidal body?

    <p>Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is characterized by the presence of ingested red blood cells in its cytoplasm?

    <p>Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is non-pathogenic?

    <p>Endolimax nana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is characterized by the presence of a large glycogen mass?

    <p>Iodamoeba butschlii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is typically found in formed feces?

    <p>Cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is usually larger than its cystic stage?

    <p>Trophozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is characterized by the presence of eccentric, off-centered karyosome?

    <p>Entamoeba coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intestinal and atrial amoebas is characterized by the presence of bacteria, food vacuoles, and debris in its cytoplasm?

    <p>Endolimax nana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT exhibited by the trophozoite stage of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Undulating membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protozoa is responsible for the most common cause of intestinal infection worldwide?

    <p>Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of the cyst stage of Retortamonas intestinalis?

    <p>Lemon-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the trophozoite stage of Chilomastix mesnili?

    <p>Single, large nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the cyst stage of Chilomastix mesnili?

    <p>Lemon-shaped with a clear, anterior, hyaline knob</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most sensitive method for the diagnosis of T.vaginalis infection?

    <p>Culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the trophozoite of Balantidium coli?

    <p>One macronucleus and one micronucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural host of Balantidium coli?

    <p>Pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the cyst of Balantidium coli?

    <p>Refractive double wall enclosing cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Balantidium coli?

    <p>Ingestion of infective cysts in contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Trichomonas vaginalis that allows it to thrive in the vagina?

    <p>The ability to survive in slightly alkaline or slightly acidic pH environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the disease caused by Balantidium coli?

    <p>Dysentery with up to 15 liquid stools daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the most common infection site of Trichomonas vaginalis in males?

    <p>Prostate gland region and the epithelium of the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most characteristic feature of trichomoniasis in women?

    <p>Intracellular edema and chicken-like epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Trichomonas hominis?

    <p>It has a pear-shaped body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Through sexual intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the trophozoite of Trichomonas tenax?

    <p>It has an undulating membrane 2/3 the costa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the trophozoite of Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>It has an undulating membrane 1/2 the costa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>It is found in the genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?

    <p>Bite of the tsetse fly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?

    <p>Trypomastigotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the chronic phase of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection?

    <p>Invasion of the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi?

    <p>Reduviid bug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic sign of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection?

    <p>Winterbottom’s Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stage of Trypanosoma that invades macrophages?

    <p>Metacyclic trypomastigote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the Amastigote stage of Leishmanias?

    <p>Kinetoplast present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Trypanosoma is diagnostic in the laboratory?

    <p>Trypomastigote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of Leishmaniasis is characterized by the development of a nondescript abdominal illness and hepatosplenomegaly?

    <p>Visceral Leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Chagoma?

    <p>Erythematous nodule at the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sandfly is a vector of Leishmaniasis?

    <p>Phlebotomus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei?

    <p>East African Sleeping Sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Trypanosoma is found in the CSF during the Sleeping Sickness stage?

    <p>Trypomastigote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the advanced stages of Visceral Leishmaniasis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Romaña’s Sign?

    <p>Unilateral edema of the eyelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is a reservoir host for Leishmania donovani complex?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common name for Visceral Leishmaniasis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Flagellates

    • Ellipsoidal trophozoite with 1-4 nuclei and 3-4 flagella
    • Jerky, slow, and directional motility
    • Retortamonas intestinalis:
      • Ovoid or pyriform cyst with 1 nucleus
      • Fibrils extend above the nucleus, giving a "bird's beak" appearance
      • Trophozoite has 1 nucleus and 1-2 flagella, with rapid and directional motility
    • Dientamoeba fragilis:
      • Previously classified as an amoeba
      • Trophozoite is 5-15um with hyaline leaf-like pseudopodia
      • Karyosome is composed of a cluster of 4-8 granules, often referred to as a fragmented or tetra karyosome

    Trichomonas

    • Sizes: 5-15um (Pentatrichomonas hominis), 5-12um (Trichomonas tenax), and 7-23um (Trichomonas vaginalis)
    • Shape: Pyriform
    • Equipped with an undulating membrane and 5 flagella
    • Motility: Fast, jerky, and tumbling
    • Axostyle extends beyond the body
    • Trichomonas vaginalis is the only pathogenic species

    Giardia Lamblia

    • Cyst size: 10-25um

    • of nuclei: 1

    • Trophozoite measures 15-45um with spine-like projections (acanthopodia)
    • Infective stage: Cyst and trophozoite
    • Diagnostic stages: Cyst and trophozoites in tissues; cyst has an outer wrinkled wall, and trophozoite has spine-like process called acanthopodia

    Facultative Amoeba

    • Balamuthia mandrillaris:
      • Isolated from soil and dust or from autopsy specimens of infected humans and animals
      • Infective stages: Cyst and trophozoite
      • Can enter through nasal passages or ulcerated or broken skin
      • Cyst and trophozoites in tissues, with a cyst size of 10-25um and a double cyst wall

    Intestinal Flagellates

    • Habitat: Small intestine
    • Pathogenesis: Non-pathogenic
    • Developmental stages: Cyst and trophozoite
    • Infective stage: Cyst
    • Mode of transmission: Ingestion

    Atrial Flagellates

    • Habitat: Buccal cavity
    • Pathogenesis: Non-pathogenic
    • Developmental stages: Trophozoite
    • Infective stage: Trophozoite
    • Mode of transmission: Oral contact

    Class Sarcodina

    • Characteristics:
      • Have protoplasmic processes or pseudopodia for locomotion
      • Possess a trophozoite stage, precystic stage, cystic stage, and metacystic stage
      • Inhabit the large intestine (except for Entamoeba gingivalis)
      • Commensals (except for Entamoeba histolytica)

    Cyst and Trophozoite

    • Cyst:
      • Non-motile
      • Infective
      • Found in formed feces
      • Resistant to damage
      • Usually smaller than trophozoite
      • Best visualized using iodine
    • Trophozoite:
      • Motile
      • Not infective
      • Found in liquid feces
      • Susceptible to damage
      • Usually larger than cyst
      • Best seen using permanent stains

    Intestinal and Atrial Amoeba

    • Habitat:
      • Entamoeba histolytica: Colon
      • Entamoeba coli: Colon
      • Endolimax nana: Colon
      • Iodamoeba butschlii: Colon
      • Entamoeba gingivalis: Buccal cavity
    • Effect to host:
      • Entamoeba histolytica: Pathogenic
      • Entamoeba coli: Non-pathogenic
      • Endolimax nana: Non-pathogenic
      • Iodamoeba butschlii: Non-pathogenic
      • Entamoeba gingivalis: Pathogenic
    • Developmental stages:
      • Entamoeba histolytica: Cyst and trophozoite
      • Entamoeba coli: Cyst and trophozoite
      • Endolimax nana: Cyst and trophozoite
      • Iodamoeba butschlii: Trophozoite
      • Entamoeba gingivalis: Trophozoite
    • Infective stage:
      • Entamoeba histolytica: Cyst
      • Entamoeba coli: Cyst
      • Endolimax nana: Cyst
      • Iodamoeba butschlii: Trophozoite
      • Entamoeba gingivalis: Trophozoite
    • Mode of transmission:
      • Entamoeba histolytica: Ingestion/ fecal oral
      • Entamoeba coli: Ingestion/ fecal oral
      • Endolimax nana: Ingestion/ fecal oral
      • Iodamoeba butschlii: Oral contact
      • Entamoeba gingivalis: Oral contact

    Retortamonas intestinalis

    • Has lemon to pear-shaped cysts with one nucleus and two fused fibrils resembling a bird's beak
    • Trophozoites are ovoid, exhibit jerky motility, and have a single large nucleus, characteristic cleftlike cytostome, and 2 anterior flagella

    Chilomastix mesnili

    • Cysts are lemon-shaped with a clear anterior hyaline knob, one large nucleus, and a well-defined cytostome with accompanying fibrils
    • Trophozoites have 4 flagella, 3 extending out of the anterior end and 1 shorter flagellum extending posteriorly, and a single nucleus with a typical curved cytostomal fibril (shepherd's crook)

    Giardia lamblia

    • Most common cause of intestinal infection worldwide
    • Found in the lumen of the human small intestine
    • Acquired through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food, or through person-to-person contact
    • Only protozoan parasite found in the small intestine

    Trichomonas spp.

    • Exist only in the trophozoite stage, no cystic stage
    • Pear-shaped with an undulating membrane and jerky, tumbling motility
    • Three species: T. hominis, T. tenax, and T. vaginalis, differing in habitat, size, nucleus, and undulating membrane

    Trichomonas vaginalis

    • Infection acquired primarily through sexual intercourse
    • Primary non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide
    • Infective stage: trophozoite
    • Trophozoites exhibit rapid, jerky motility with 4-6 flagella
    • Thrives in a slightly alkaline or acidic pH environment
    • Common infection site in males: prostate gland region and urethral epithelium
    • Causes petechial hemorrhage, metaplastic changes, and desquamation of vaginal epithelium

    Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis

    • Identification based on examination of wet preparations of vaginal and urethral discharges, urine, and prostatic secretions
    • Giemsa or Papanicolaou stain can be used for permanent stained smears
    • Culture is recommended when direct microscopy is negative and is considered the most sensitive method (95%) for diagnosis

    Protozoa (Ciliophora)

    • Class: Ciliophora
    • Move by means of cilia, or short extensions of cytoplasm that cover the surface of the organism
    • Have two different types of nuclei: macronucleus and one or more micronuclei

    Balantidium coli

    • Only human pathogen
    • Rare infection
    • Largest parasitic protozoan
    • Mode of transmission: ingestion of infective cysts in contaminated food or water
    • Natural host: pigs
    • Accidental host: man
    • Reservoirs: pig, monkey, and rat
    • Infective stage: cysts
    • Disease: Balantidiasis, characterized by abscesses and ulcers, and up to 15 liquid stools daily containing pus, mucus, and blood

    Trypanosomiasis

    • West African Sleeping Sickness: Caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans)
    • Mode of transmission: Bite of insect vector, needle prick, or placental
    • Infective stage: Metacyclic Trypomastigotes
    • Diagnostic stage: Trypomastigotes
    • Characteristics:
      • Acute phase: Peripheral blood and lymph nodes are invaded
      • Chronic phase: CNS is invaded, resulting in meningoencephalitis and comatose state
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Chancre (central eschar) – earliest sign
      • Winterbottom’s Sign – inflammatory swelling of the lymph nodes
      • Kerandel’s Sign – delayed sensation to pain
      • Somnolence – excessive sleepiness
      • Comatose state

    American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)

    • Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, described by Carlos Chagas
    • Vector: Triatoma (kissing bugs, Reduviid bugs, Assassin bugs, cone nose bugs)
    • Mode of transmission: Contamination of the bite wound with the feces from the reduviid bug
    • Reservoir host: Rock hyrax, dogs, gerbils, and other rodents
    • Disease association: Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Oriental Sores, Delhi boils, Baghdad boils, Aleppo button, Jericho boil, DRY LESIONS

    Leishmaniasis

    • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis:
      • Ulcer characteristics similar to Leishmania mexicana complex
      • Thick plaques of skin, along with multiple lesions or nodules
    • Vector: Phlebotomus, Lutzomiya sandflies
    • Reservoir host: Dogs, cats, foxes, jackals, porcupines
    • Disease association: Visceral Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, Dumdum Fever, BLACK FEVER

    Pathology

    • Visceral Leishmaniasis:
      • Patients develop a nondescript abdominal illness and hepatosplenomegaly
      • Early stages resemble malaria or typhoid fever with fever and chills
      • Advanced stages result in kidney damage and granulomatous areas of skin
      • Characteristic darkening of the skin may be noted

    Trypanosoma brucei complex

    • Life cycle:
      • Metacyclic trypomastigotes invade macrophages
      • Amastigotes emerge and form trypomastigotes
    • Infective stage: Metacyclic Trypomastigotes
    • Diagnostic stage: Trypomastigotes, Amastigotes
    • Lab diagnosis: Febrile stage – blood and lymphatics, Sleeping Sickness stage (CNS) – CSF, Presence of IgM in serum and/or CSF is generally considered diagnostic

    Hemo-flagellates

    • Includes: Trypanosomes and Leishmanias
    • Infects: Blood, lymph nodes, muscles, and RES
    • Four morphologies or stages:
      • Amastigote: Leishmanial form
      • Promastigote: Leptomonal form
      • Epimastigote: Crithidial form
      • Trypomastigote: Trypanosomal form

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    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics of Retortamonas Intestinalis, including its shape, size, nuclei, and motility. Learn about its trophozoite and cyst stages, as well as its flagella and movement patterns.

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