NA 5 - EYE 2

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) rests directly on the capillary lamina of the choroid.

The inner segments of photoreceptors are located in layer 2 of the retina.

The nuclei of photoreceptors are found in layer 4, while the nuclei of bipolar cells reside in layer 8.

The outer plexiform layer (layer 5) facilitates communication between photoreceptors and ganglion cells.

The optic nerve is formed by axons of the ganglion cells and exits the retina at layer 9 via the optic foramina.

The inner limiting membrane, located at layer 10, encloses the fibers that form the optic nerve.

The retina has a similar organization to the CNS, with supporting cells and neurons, which makes it an extension of the diencephalon.

The plexiform layers are designed to create synapses between the photoreceptors and ganglion cells, ensuring a 3D network of communication within the retina.

The outer segment of a photoreceptor is responsible for absorbing light and is constantly renewed.

Horizontal cells in the retina are responsible for lateral information flow, ensuring that information is not only transmitted vertically but also horizontally.

Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, requiring a higher intensity of light for activation.

The fovea, located in the fundus of the eye, contains a higher concentration of rods compared to the periphery of the retina.

Bipolar cells and ganglion cells can be categorized based on their size, with parvi cells being the smallest, magni cells being medium-sized, and wide cells being the largest.

All bipolar and ganglion cells are excited by glutamate, while some are inhibited by GABA.

The foveola, which is the most concave part of the fovea, contains both rods and cones.

Cones are responsible for color vision, while rods are specialized for low-light vision.

The Bruch membrane is composed entirely of collagen fibers.

The outer limiting membrane separates the inner segment of the photoreceptor from the nuclear/cell body.

Photoreceptors are the only type of cells in the retina that receive light signals.

The choroid provides nutrients exclusively to the photoreceptors.

Muller cells are neurons that contribute to the retinal framework.

The light first passes through the photoreceptors and then activates them

Horizontal cells act as a bridge between photoreceptors and ganglion cells.

Bipolar cells can only synapse with photoreceptors that are located close to each other.

Horizontal cells are necessary for spreading signals laterally across a wider area of the retina.

Amacrine cells are responsible for connecting bipolar cells to the optic nerve.

The visual portion of the retina, including the photoreceptors, is attached to the choroid.

A single bipolar cell can synapse with a large number of photoreceptors.

The cornea's convex shape helps focus light rays onto the retina.

A photoreceptor called a rod can be found in the foveola.

The ciliary muscle controls the curvature of the lens, allowing for clear vision at varying distances.

The optic disk is located in the nasal direction from the central posterior point of the eye.

Light rays passing through the anterior chamber are refracted by the lens before reaching the posterior chamber.

The central retinal artery originates from the posterior ciliary artery.

Information from the upper visual field is processed by photoreceptors in the upper portion of the retina.

The optic nerve is completely covered by meninges, indicating its connection to the central nervous system.

The lateral visual field is processed by photoreceptors in the medial portion of the retina.

The foveola is located within the macula lutea, which is a yellow area of the fundus.

Both eyes can perceive a nasal visual field of 60 degrees.

The superimposition of the nasal visual fields from both eyes is essential for depth perception.

The blind spot of one eye is covered by the visual field of the other eye.

The optic nerve is a critical pathway for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain.

The ciliary ganglion receives preganglionic fibers from the oculomotor nerve and sends postganglionic fibers to the optic nerve.