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Questions and Answers
What phenomenon is described as the force of attraction between charges that can create force and perform work?
Which of the following best describes the role of the forces between charged particles?
What is the outcome of the attraction between charges as described in the content?
What potential result comes from the force between charged particles?
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What fundamental force is responsible for the attraction between electrical charges?
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What characterizes the resting membrane potential of a cell membrane?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the generation of membrane potential?
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Why is it important for the cell membrane to be polarized?
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What is one major consequence of a disrupted resting membrane potential?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'membrane potential'?
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Which positively charged ion is found in higher concentration outside the cell compared to inside?
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Which of the following negatively charged substances is categorized as an organic anion?
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What is the significance of fixed anions found in the cell?
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Which positively charged ion is primarily responsible for muscle contraction?
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What role do negatively charged proteins play inside the cell?
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What can result from the force of attraction between charges?
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Which of the following best explains how electrical forces between charges can be utilized?
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What factor is predominantly responsible for the force between electrical charges?
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Which statement about the relationship between attraction and work in electrical systems is correct?
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What is a key characteristic of the force between charged particles?
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What is the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?
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Which statement accurately describes the resting membrane potential in muscle cells?
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What is the primary reason that resting membrane potential is important in excitable cells?
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How does resting membrane potential differ between nerve and muscle cells?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'excitable cells' in relation to resting membrane potential?
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Study Notes
Resting Membrane Potential Measurement
- The cell membrane of living cells has a membrane potential (polarized electrically).
- This electrical potential is due to the attraction between charges.
- The force of attraction between charges has the potential to create force and perform work.
- A change in this force indicates a signal.
- Nerve cells produce signals, which are changes in electrical potential.
Genesis of Resting Membrane Potential
- The resting membrane potential is generated by several factors.
- Ion Channels: Channels allow specific ions to leak across the cell membrane.
- Sodium-Potassium Pump: This pump actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
- Negatively Charged Molecules: Proteins and other organic molecules inside the cell are negatively charged.
- These negatively charged molecules are unable to cross the cell membrane, making the inside of the cell negative.
- Selective Permeability: The resting cell membrane is more permeable to potassium ions (K+) than to sodium ions (Na+).
- K+ Channels: Potassium channels are open (leak channels) at rest, allowing K+ to move more easily.
- Na+ Channels: Sodium channels are closed at rest, making it difficult for Na+ to move across the membrane.
- Calcium Ions (Ca2+): Calcium ions guard the Na+ channels from the outside and prevent Na+ from entering the cell at rest.
- Sodium Potassium Pump: This pump actively transports 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions transported into the cell, contributing to the negative charge within the cell.
Distribution of Main Charged Substances in Body Fluids
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF) contains high concentrations of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions.
- Intracellular Fluid (Cell) contains high concentrations of potassium (K+) ions and fixed negatively charged proteins and organic molecules.
- Fixed anions are trapped inside the cell and contribute to the negative charge.
Properties of Charged Chemicals
- Electrical force: The attraction or repulsion between charged particles can generate a force that can perform work.
- Resting membrane potential: This is the potential difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane at rest.
Exitable Cells
- Nerve cells: Resting membrane potential is typically -70 mV.
- Muscle cells: Resting membrane potential is typically -90 mV.
Importance of Resting Membrane Potential
- It's essential for cells to perform their functions, especially excitable cells like nerve and muscle cells.
- A change in membrane potential can signal a stimulus.
Genesis of Resting Membrane Potential
- Ion Channels: These allow for the leakage of ions across the cell membrane.
- Sodium-Potassium (Na/K) Pump: This protein pumps 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped in. It's electrogenic, creating a potential difference (negative inside, positive outside).
- Fixed Anions: Proteins and organic molecules inside the cell carry a negative charge and cannot cross the cell membrane, further contributing to the negative charge inside the cell.
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Description
Explore the concept of resting membrane potential and its significance in living cells. This quiz covers the factors that generate this potential, including ion channels, sodium-potassium pumps, and selective permeability. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for grasping how nerve cells communicate through electrical signals.
