Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of airway obstruction in asthma?

  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Poor nutrition
  • Viral infections (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition

Which cell type is primarily involved in the inflammatory response in asthmatic mucosal tissue?

  • Basophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils (correct)

What is NOT a classic manifestation of asthma?

  • Coughing blood (correct)
  • Wheezing
  • Hypercapnea
  • Dyspnea

How does chronic bronchitis primarily affect the airways?

<p>Inflammation and excessive mucous production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of the hypertrophy of smooth muscle in asthma?

<p>Excess mucous production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emphysema primarily affects the central parts of the acini?

<p>Centriacinar emphysema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the phenomenon of hypercapnea in asthma?

<p>Hypoventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In asthma, what is the effect of edema on the bronchioles?

<p>Narrows the airways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to exacerbate asthma symptoms?

<p>Regular sleep patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of untreated severe asthma episodes?

<p>Life-threatening hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mast cells play in asthma?

<p>Trigger inflammatory responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main characteristics of emphysema?

<p>Destruction of alveolar walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is commonly associated with smoking?

<p>Emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lungs in the respiratory system?

<p>Gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily involved in the process of respiration?

<p>Diaphragm and intercostals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of atelectasis is caused by the obstruction that prevents air from reaching the alveoli?

<p>Resorption Atelectasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Compression Atelectasis primarily occur?

<p>Fluid buildup in pleural space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with obstruction of the airways?

<p>Cystic Fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes the phenomenon known as microatelectasis?

<p>Loss of surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates the characteristics of obstructive lung diseases?

<p>Normal forced vital capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of asthma?

<p>Tightening of the airways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the condition where bronchi and bronchioles are occluded, leading to respiratory difficulties?

<p>Bronchiolitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers extrinsic asthma?

<p>Type I hypersensitivity reaction to allergens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Long-term inflammation and excessive mucus production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of obstructive lung diseases regarding airflow?

<p>Difficulty in exhaling air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of atelectasis is associated with fibrotic changes affecting lung expansion?

<p>Contraction Atelectasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of lobar pneumonia?

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia is characterized by a patchy distribution of inflammation involving more than one lobe?

<p>Bronchopneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is most commonly associated with interstitial pneumonia in children?

<p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is most likely to cause secondary pneumonia in a compromised host?

<p>Staph aureus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of bronchopneumonia?

<p>Crackles and wheezes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dust is associated with the condition known as silicosis?

<p>Silicon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia?

<p>Inhalation of gastric secretions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung cancer subtype is most commonly associated with smoking?

<p>Squamous Cell Carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of atypical pneumonia?

<p>Absence of lung consolidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lung disease is caused by the inhalation of coal dust?

<p>Anthracosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical sign of lobar pneumonia?

<p>Gradual onset of symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogenic organism is included in the group of Gram-negative bacilli that can cause pneumonia?

<p>Klebsiella pneumoniae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is linked to the inhalation of asbestos fibers?

<p>Asbestosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of long-term exposure to silica dust?

<p>Lung Cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the lungs is more commonly affected by panacinar emphysema?

<p>Lower lung lobes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of cellular elastase in the lungs?

<p>Neutrophils and macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely responsible for increased elastase activity in the lungs?

<p>Smoking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with emphysema?

<p>Persistent cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common manifestation of chronic bronchitis?

<p>Persistent cough for at least 3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of chronic bronchitis?

<p>Acute chronic bronchitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic consequence of pulmonary hypertension in emphysema?

<p>Right heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathological change commonly occurs with chronic bronchitis?

<p>Hypersecretion of mucus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alpha-1 antitrypsin in the lungs?

<p>Inhibits elastase activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common outcome of restrictive lung diseases?

<p>Decreased gas exchange efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by acute diffuse alveolar damage?

<p>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of bronchiectasis?

<p>Permanent dilation of the bronchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease?

<p>Damage to epithelial tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with non-caseating granulomas?

<p>Sarcoidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What often exacerbates the inflammation seen in chronic bronchitis?

<p>Exposure to smoke and air pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

<p>Physical injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of response causes the lung inflammation found in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

<p>Immunologically mediated inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are known to predispose individuals to venous thrombi in the lower extremities?

<p>Prolonged bed rest and leg immobilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary problem is caused by Pulmonary Thromboembolism?

<p>Reduced blood flow in the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

<p>Nasal congestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia is primarily identified based on the microorganism responsible?

<p>Bacterial Pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an immune response of unknown origin commonly indicate in Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease?

<p>Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the irreversible lung damage in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

<p>Alveolar damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary risk factor for developing Pulmonary Thromboembolism?

<p>Deep vein thrombosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is primarily associated with pneumonia?

<p>Alveolar inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does fibroblast activity play in Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease?

<p>Decreases lung elasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death in debilitated patients regarding pulmonary infections?

<p>Pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiratory Tract

The system of organs that facilitate gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) and maintain blood pH.

Gas Exchange

The process of oxygen entering the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body.

Atelectasis

Lung collapse, loss of lung volume, often due to inadequate air expansion.

Compression Atelectasis

Lung collapse caused by external pressure on the lungs.

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Resorption Atelectasis

Lung collapse due to blocked air flow.

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Microatelectasis

Small-scale lung collapse due to surfactant deficiency.

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Contraction Atelectasis

Lung collapse due to stiff lung tissue.

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Obstructive Lung Diseases

Conditions where airflow to gas exchange surfaces is limited due to increased resistance.

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Asthma

Episodic airway narrowing.

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Extrinsic Asthma

Asthma triggered by an allergen.

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Intrinsic Asthma

Asthma with an unknown cause.

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Lungs

Primary organs for gas exchange.

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Pleural Spaces

Fluid-filled spaces around the lungs to reduce friction.

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Surfactant

Slippery substance that prevents lung collapse.

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Emphysema

A type of obstructive lung disease.

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Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic inflammation of the airways, causing mucus buildup.

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Bronchioles

Small air passages in the lungs.

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Thick Mucous Plugs in Asthma

Thickened mucus secretions in the airways, often containing dead cells and inflammatory cells like eosinophils, caused by viral infections and pollutants. This affects normal airways but causes a severe reaction in asthmatics.

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Asthma Manifestations (basement membrane)

Asthma causes an enlarged and thicker basement membrane, along with an increase in smooth muscle.

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Asthma Manifestations (mucous glands)

Asthma involves enlarged submucosal mucous glands and increased goblet cells (mucus-producing cells), leading to excess mucous production.

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Asthma Symptoms (dyspnea)

Shortness of breath, a common symptom of asthma.

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Asthma Symptoms (wheezing)

A whistling sound during breathing, often a sign of narrowed airways in asthma.

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Asthma Symptoms (expiration)

Difficulty exhaling (breathing out) a key symptom of asthma.

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Asthma Symptoms (hypercapnea)

Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, a possible complication of asthma.

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Asthma Symptoms (acidosis)

Excess acidity in the blood, a potential consequence of high CO2.

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Asthma (duration)

Asthma episodes can last for varying periods, from mild to life-threatening.

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COPD (Clinical)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung diseases that block airflow from the lungs.

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COPD (Airflow)

COPD causes airflow obstruction, which makes it hard to exhale.

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COPD (Etiology)

COPD is caused by chronic bronchitis (inflammation) and emphysema (damaged air sacs).

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Emphysema (definition)

A type of COPD where air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, making it hard to breathe.

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Emphysema (Types)

Emphysema has types like centriacinar and panacinar.

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Centriacinar Emphysema

A type of emphysema affecting the central parts of the acini.

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Panacinar Emphysema

A type of emphysema where the entire acinus (from the respiratory bronchiole to the alveoli) is uniformly enlarged, typically found in lower lung lobes.

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Emphysema Pathogenesis

Emphysema's development is often linked to excess protease or elastase activity, which breaks down proteins like elastin in the lungs.

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Primary Source of Elastase

Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary sources of elastase, enzymes that break down proteins like elastin in the lungs.

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Inflammation & Elastase

Inflammation attracts neutrophils and macrophages to the lung tissue, increasing elastase release and leading to more elastolytic activity.

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Smoking & Elastase

Smoking triggers an increase in neutrophils and macrophages in the lungs, resulting in higher elastase levels. It also inhibits alpha-1 antitrypsin, an antielastase.

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Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

An antielastase that protects lung tissue from the destructive effects of elastase.

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Emphysema Clinical Signs

Emphysema presents with symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, weight loss, prolonged expiration, and changes in posture.

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Emphysema & Hypoxia

Emphysema often leads to hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and cyanosis (blue skin discoloration) due to impaired gas exchange.

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Emphysema & Right Heart Failure

Due to increased resistance in the pulmonary vessels, emphysema can cause right-sided heart failure.

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Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations

Chronic Bronchitis is marked by a persistent cough for at least three months, occurring for at least two consecutive years.

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Chronic Bronchitis Forms

Chronic Bronchitis can be categorized into Simple, Mucopurulent, and Asthmatic forms, each with different features.

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Bronchiectasis

A condition characterized by permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of their supporting tissues.

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Bronchiectasis Pathogenesis

Bronchiectasis is often linked to airway obstruction and chronic infections, leading to the accumulation of secretions and damage to lung tissue.

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Restrictive Lung Disease

A group of disorders characterized by reduced lung compliance (stiffness), making it harder to expand the lungs.

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Restrictive Lung Disease Pathogenesis

Restrictive lung disease involves damage to the interstitial space (between the alveoli) and often results in fibrosis, which stiffens the lungs.

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ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

A severe and rapid-onset lung condition characterized by widespread damage to the alveoli.

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ARDS Pathogenesis

ARDS is triggered by various factors, including infections, injuries, and toxins, leading to inflammation and damage to the lung tissue.

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ARDS Manifestations

ARDS presents with symptoms such as congestion, fluid buildup in the lungs, and damage to alveolar cells.

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Hyaline Membrane Disease

A serious lung condition in newborns, often seen in premature babies. It's characterized by a hyaline membrane lining the alveoli, impairing gas exchange, which can lead to respiratory distress syndrome.

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Interstitial Fibrosis

A complication of hyaline membrane disease where scar tissue builds up in the lungs, restricting air exchange.

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Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease

A group of lung diseases causing stiffness and a reduction in lung capacity, making it hard to inflate the lungs. Many causes exist, and it progresses gradually.

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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

A serious chronic restrictive lung disease with an unknown cause. It involves inflammation and scarring of the lungs, leading to progressive breathlessness.

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Sarcoidosis

A multi-system inflammatory disease with unknown cause, causing non-caseating granulomas in various organs. It can affect the lungs, leading to restrictive lung disease.

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Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

An immune-mediated lung disease triggered by inhaled dust or allergens, like mold or farm dust. It causes inflammation and damage in the alveoli, the site of gas exchange.

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Pulmonary Thromboembolism

A serious medical condition involving a blood clot that originates in a vein and travels to the lungs, blocking blood flow.

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Venous Thrombi in Lower Extremities

Blood clots forming in veins of the legs, often caused by prolonged bed rest, surgery, trauma, or other factors.

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Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung tissue, commonly caused by microorganisms, but sometimes chemical agents. It can be life-threatening, especially in weakened individuals.

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Bacterial Pneumonia

Type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infections. Some common bacterial culprits are Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Pulmonary Infections

Infections affecting the lungs, primarily caused by microorganisms, but sometimes chemicals, leading to inflammation.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. They are the primary sites of gas exchange.

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Parenchymal Structures

The functional tissue of an organ, in the lungs, it refers to the alveoli and surrounding structures that support gas exchange.

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Fibroblast Activity

Fibroblasts produce collagen, contributing to scar tissue formation in the lungs. Increased fibroblast activity can lead to fibrosis in chronic lung diseases.

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Pneumonia Types

Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

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Most Common Bacterial Pneumonia Cause

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia, accounting for 95% of cases.

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What is Lobar Pneumonia?

Lobar pneumonia affects an entire lung lobe, filling the air sacs with fluid and cell debris.

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What is Bronchopneumonia?

Bronchopneumonia is a patchy inflammation in multiple lobes. It starts in the bronchi, then spreads to the bronchioles and alveoli.

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Pneumonia Symptoms

Pneumonia symptoms include sudden onset of fever, chills, productive cough, fatigue, and reduced lung sounds over the affected area.

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Bronchopneumonia Symptoms

Bronchopneumonia symptoms include acute fever, productive cough with pus or blood, crackles and wheezes on exhalation.

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What is Interstitial Pneumonia?

Interstitial pneumonia primarily affects the tissue between the alveoli and is commonly caused by viruses and intracellular pathogens.

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Types of Pneumonia Occurrence

Pneumonia can be primary (direct inhalation), secondary (spread from other areas), or atypical (less typical presentation).

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What is Aspiration Pneumonia?

Aspiration pneumonia is a secondary pneumonia caused by inhaling foreign material, like food or stomach contents, into the lungs.

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What is Pneumoconiosis?

Pneumoconiosis is a lung condition caused by inhaling inorganic dust, such as coal dust, silica, or asbestos.

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Silica and its Effects

Silica, especially crystalline forms like quartz, can lead to silicosis, a serious lung disease with inflammation and fibrosis.

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Asbestos Exposure Risks

Exposure to asbestos, a fibrous material, can lead to asbestosis, a lung disease characterized by fibrosis and a high risk of lung cancer.

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Lung Neoplasia (Tumors)

Lung cancer, or bronchial carcinoma, is the most common lung neoplasia, linked to smoking and asbestos exposure.

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What is Malignant Mesothelioma?

Malignant mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive cancer that affects the lining of the lungs and abdomen, usually linked to asbestos exposure.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases

  • Major Functions of Respiratory Tract:

    • Gas exchange site (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)
    • Secondary maintenance of normal pH

  • Components of Respiratory Tract:

    • Lungs: Primary gas exchange organs
    • Muscles of Respiration: Diaphragm, internal/external intercostals, abdominal muscles
    • Pleural Spaces: Small spaces around lungs filled with fluid to reduce friction
    • Upper Respiratory Tract: Nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi, larynx

  • Lung Diseases:

    • Atelectasis: Lung collapse due to inadequate lung expansion, leading to hypoxia (low oxygen). Types include compression, resorption, and contraction.
    • Obstructive Lung Diseases: Limited airflow due to increased resistance, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchioectasis, and emphysema.
    • Asthma: Episodic and reversible bronchospasm triggered by various stimuli. Two types: extrinsic (allergic, most common) and intrinsic (not well understood).
    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Airflow obstruction making expiration difficult, commonly associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

  • Emphysema: Destruction of air sacs (alveoli); common with smoking. Types include centriacinar and panacinar.

  • Chronic Bronchitis: Persistent inflammation of the airways, leading to mucus production.

  • Bronchiectasis: Permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of supporting connective tissue. Often associated with chronic infections.

  • Restrictive Lung Diseases: Reduced lung compliance due to damage to lung tissue, e.g., interstitial lung disease (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.

  • Pulmonary Infections: Including pneumonia with bacterial, viral, fungal, and other causes, categorized by location (e.g., lobar, broncho).

  • Pulmonary Neoplasia: Lung cancers, including bronchial carcinomas (the most common type), and Mesothelioma.

Microatelectasis

  • Loss of lung expansion due to loss of surfactant. Surfactant is a slippery substance that keeps airways open.

Extrinsic Asthma

  • Usually triggered by a type I hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to allergens.
  • Most common early-life onset.

Intrinsic Asthma

  • Not as well-understood as extrinsic asthma
  • Viral infections, inhaled irritants (sulfur dioxide, ozone), are some triggers.
  • All of these above elements can also affect non-asthmatics but asthmatics have extreme responses to them.

Manifestations Of Asthma

  • Occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by thick mucous plugs - containing sloughed epithelial cells + inflammatory cells (such as eosinophils)
  • Edema and hyperemia of walls of the bronchioles - leading to swelling of bronchioles
  • Eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes found in mucosal tissue

Other Important Considerations

  • Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PE): Venous thrombi (blood clots) often originating in lower extremities can embolize to the lungs, leading to serious conditions; it is a major clinical problem
  • Pneumoconiosis: Lung diseases resulting from inhaling inorganic dust (coal dust, silica, asbestos).
  • Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs' air sacs (alveoli), caused by various micro-organisms. Categorized by type (including viral, bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and others) and location. Types of pneumonia include lobar, lobular, broncho-pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia.

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Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases PDF 10/21/2020

Description

Test your knowledge on the respiratory tract and various lung diseases. This quiz covers major functions, components, and conditions such as asthma and atelectasis. Perfect for students studying respiratory health and physiology.

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