Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of airway obstruction in asthma?

  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Poor nutrition
  • Viral infections (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition

    • Which cell type is primarily involved in the inflammatory response in asthmatic mucosal tissue?

  • Basophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils (correct)

    • What is NOT a classic manifestation of asthma?

  • Coughing blood (correct)
  • Wheezing
  • Hypercapnea
  • Dyspnea

    • How does chronic bronchitis primarily affect the airways?

    <p>Inflammation and excessive mucous production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of the hypertrophy of smooth muscle in asthma?

    <p>Excess mucous production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema primarily affects the central parts of the acini?

    <p>Centriacinar emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the phenomenon of hypercapnea in asthma?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In asthma, what is the effect of edema on the bronchioles?

    <p>Narrows the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to exacerbate asthma symptoms?

    <p>Regular sleep patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated severe asthma episodes?

    <p>Life-threatening hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mast cells play in asthma?

    <p>Trigger inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main characteristics of emphysema?

    <p>Destruction of alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is commonly associated with smoking?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lungs in the respiratory system?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily involved in the process of respiration?

    <p>Diaphragm and intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of atelectasis is caused by the obstruction that prevents air from reaching the alveoli?

    <p>Resorption Atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Compression Atelectasis primarily occur?

    <p>Fluid buildup in pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with obstruction of the airways?

    <p>Cystic Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes the phenomenon known as microatelectasis?

    <p>Loss of surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates the characteristics of obstructive lung diseases?

    <p>Normal forced vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of asthma?

    <p>Tightening of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the condition where bronchi and bronchioles are occluded, leading to respiratory difficulties?

    <p>Bronchiolitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers extrinsic asthma?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity reaction to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic bronchitis is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Long-term inflammation and excessive mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of obstructive lung diseases regarding airflow?

    <p>Difficulty in exhaling air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of atelectasis is associated with fibrotic changes affecting lung expansion?

    <p>Contraction Atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is characterized by a patchy distribution of inflammation involving more than one lobe?

    <p>Bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is most commonly associated with interstitial pneumonia in children?

    <p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is most likely to cause secondary pneumonia in a compromised host?

    <p>Staph aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Crackles and wheezes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dust is associated with the condition known as silicosis?

    <p>Silicon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia?

    <p>Inhalation of gastric secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung cancer subtype is most commonly associated with smoking?

    <p>Squamous Cell Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Absence of lung consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lung disease is caused by the inhalation of coal dust?

    <p>Anthracosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical sign of lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Gradual onset of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogenic organism is included in the group of Gram-negative bacilli that can cause pneumonia?

    <p>Klebsiella pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is linked to the inhalation of asbestos fibers?

    <p>Asbestosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of long-term exposure to silica dust?

    <p>Lung Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the lungs is more commonly affected by panacinar emphysema?

    <p>Lower lung lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of cellular elastase in the lungs?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely responsible for increased elastase activity in the lungs?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with emphysema?

    <p>Persistent cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common manifestation of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Persistent cough for at least 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Acute chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic consequence of pulmonary hypertension in emphysema?

    <p>Right heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological change commonly occurs with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Hypersecretion of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alpha-1 antitrypsin in the lungs?

    <p>Inhibits elastase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common outcome of restrictive lung diseases?

    <p>Decreased gas exchange efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by acute diffuse alveolar damage?

    <p>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Permanent dilation of the bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease?

    <p>Damage to epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with non-caseating granulomas?

    <p>Sarcoidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often exacerbates the inflammation seen in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Exposure to smoke and air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Physical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response causes the lung inflammation found in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

    <p>Immunologically mediated inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are known to predispose individuals to venous thrombi in the lower extremities?

    <p>Prolonged bed rest and leg immobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary problem is caused by Pulmonary Thromboembolism?

    <p>Reduced blood flow in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

    <p>Nasal congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is primarily identified based on the microorganism responsible?

    <p>Bacterial Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an immune response of unknown origin commonly indicate in Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease?

    <p>Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the irreversible lung damage in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

    <p>Alveolar damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk factor for developing Pulmonary Thromboembolism?

    <p>Deep vein thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is primarily associated with pneumonia?

    <p>Alveolar inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fibroblast activity play in Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease?

    <p>Decreases lung elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death in debilitated patients regarding pulmonary infections?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases

    • Major Functions of Respiratory Tract:

      • Gas exchange site (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)
      • Secondary maintenance of normal pH

    • Components of Respiratory Tract:

      • Lungs: Primary gas exchange organs
      • Muscles of Respiration: Diaphragm, internal/external intercostals, abdominal muscles
      • Pleural Spaces: Small spaces around lungs filled with fluid to reduce friction
      • Upper Respiratory Tract: Nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi, larynx

    • Lung Diseases:

      • Atelectasis: Lung collapse due to inadequate lung expansion, leading to hypoxia (low oxygen). Types include compression, resorption, and contraction.
      • Obstructive Lung Diseases: Limited airflow due to increased resistance, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchioectasis, and emphysema.
      • Asthma: Episodic and reversible bronchospasm triggered by various stimuli. Two types: extrinsic (allergic, most common) and intrinsic (not well understood).
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Airflow obstruction making expiration difficult, commonly associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

    • Emphysema: Destruction of air sacs (alveoli); common with smoking. Types include centriacinar and panacinar.

    • Chronic Bronchitis: Persistent inflammation of the airways, leading to mucus production.

    • Bronchiectasis: Permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of supporting connective tissue. Often associated with chronic infections.

    • Restrictive Lung Diseases: Reduced lung compliance due to damage to lung tissue, e.g., interstitial lung disease (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.

    • Pulmonary Infections: Including pneumonia with bacterial, viral, fungal, and other causes, categorized by location (e.g., lobar, broncho).

    • Pulmonary Neoplasia: Lung cancers, including bronchial carcinomas (the most common type), and Mesothelioma.

    Microatelectasis

    • Loss of lung expansion due to loss of surfactant. Surfactant is a slippery substance that keeps airways open.

    Extrinsic Asthma

    • Usually triggered by a type I hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to allergens.
    • Most common early-life onset.

    Intrinsic Asthma

    • Not as well-understood as extrinsic asthma
    • Viral infections, inhaled irritants (sulfur dioxide, ozone), are some triggers.
    • All of these above elements can also affect non-asthmatics but asthmatics have extreme responses to them.

    Manifestations Of Asthma

    • Occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by thick mucous plugs - containing sloughed epithelial cells + inflammatory cells (such as eosinophils)
    • Edema and hyperemia of walls of the bronchioles - leading to swelling of bronchioles
    • Eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes found in mucosal tissue

    Other Important Considerations

    • Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PE): Venous thrombi (blood clots) often originating in lower extremities can embolize to the lungs, leading to serious conditions; it is a major clinical problem
    • Pneumoconiosis: Lung diseases resulting from inhaling inorganic dust (coal dust, silica, asbestos).
    • Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs' air sacs (alveoli), caused by various micro-organisms. Categorized by type (including viral, bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and others) and location. Types of pneumonia include lobar, lobular, broncho-pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia.

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    Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases PDF 10/21/2020

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the respiratory tract and various lung diseases. This quiz covers major functions, components, and conditions such as asthma and atelectasis. Perfect for students studying respiratory health and physiology.

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