Respiratory Systems in Animals

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of open circulatory systems?

The heart is always a muscular pump

The circulatory fluid bathes cells directly (correct)

The circulatory fluid is always blood

There is a distinct separation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

What is the term for the fluid that surrounds cells in a circulatory system?

Interstitial fluid (correct)

Blood

Tissue fluid

Hemolymph

Which of the following is an example of a respiratory surface?

Intestine

Skin (correct)

Gill rakers

Trachea

What is the term for the process of gas exchange through the skin?

Cutaneous respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a respiratory pigment?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes?

Interfaces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of closed circulatory systems?

There is a distinct separation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an organ that facilitates gas exchange?

Gills Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of respiratory pigments in the animal's body?

To transport oxygen throughout the animal's body Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the exchange of gases between the animal and its surrounding environment?

Breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following respiratory structures is responsible for exchanging gases with the respiratory medium?

Gills Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of oxygen in air?

21% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of preventing blood loss?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cutaneous breathing?

Amphibians breathing through their skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid that circulates in the body of molluscs and arthropods?

Hemolymph Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the trachea in insects?

To facilitate gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gills in aquatic animals?

To optimize gas exchange by increasing surface area and ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of trachea in insects?

It is a single, hollow tube that opens to the outside environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in cutaneous breathing?

Diffusion of gases through the skin into body fluids or capillary networks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following respiratory pigments is found in mammalian muscle cells?

Myoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of surfactant liquid in the lungs of vertebrates?

To keep the alveoli lining moist and prevent collapse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of bird breathing?

Unidirectional flow of air through the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trachea in vertebrates?

To ventilate the lungs through a system of bronchi and bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is most likely to use cutaneous breathing?

A frog living in a humid forest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a circulatory system in animals?

To optimize the amount of time and materials delivered between cells and tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between open and closed circulatory systems?

The presence or absence of vessels to enclose the circulatory fluid Signup and view all the answers

In which group of animals is a single circulation, heart with two chambers found?

Fish Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the muscular organ that pumps blood in a circulatory system?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals has a double circulation, heart with four chambers, and a complete interventricular septum?

Mammals and birds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries in a circulatory system?

To allow exchange of materials between blood and cells Signup and view all the answers

Why do sponges not need a circulatory system?

Because they are able to absorb nutrients by phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid that circulates in the body of molluscs and arthropods?

Hemolymph Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemocytes in hemolymph?

To aid in immune and defense properties Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the event of an injury in the regulation of blood volume?

Platelets accumulate at the site of bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in the blood clotting process?

A mesh that traps platelets and red blood cells is formed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of hemolymph similar to?

Blood plasma and interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the regulation of blood volume?

Chemo stasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interstitial fluid?

To act as a storehouse for resources and remove waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

The protein concentration in blood plasma is higher than in interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ions in blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

To maintain an adequate balance of water and pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of albumin in blood plasma?

To maintain an adequate balance of water and pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of water in cytosol?

70-90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythrocytes in the blood?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of blood plasma in the blood?

50-55% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

To help with clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in closed circulatory systems?

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the exchange of gases between the animal and its surrounding environment?

Gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myoglobin in muscle cells?

To store oxygen for high-demand activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gills in aquatic animals?

To increase the surface area for oxygen uptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of gas exchange through the skin?

Cutaneous breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trachea in insects?

To exchange gases with the respiratory medium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lungs in air-breathing organisms?

To increase the surface area for oxygen uptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemocyanin in open circulatory systems?

To transport oxygen in open circulatory systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of amphibian breathing?

Involves positive pressure breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the four events in bird breathing?

To provide a continuous flow of oxygen to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the diaphragm in mammalian breathing?

To increase the volume of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of air breathed in during normal, resting breathing?

Tidal volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in?

Vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the small amount of air that remains in the lungs after exhaling?

Residual volume Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory Systems

Hemocyanin is found in mollusks and arthropods, Hemoglobin is found in vertebrates and annelids, and Myoglobin stores additional oxygen in mammalian muscle cells.

Cutaneous Breathing

Also known as integumentary exchange, common in animals that live in water or moist environments.
Gas diffuses through the skin into body fluids or capillary networks.
Seen in cnidarians, worms, and some vertebrates such as fish and amphibians.

Gills

The respiratory surface used by aquatic animals.
Gas exchange is optimized by increased surface area, ventilation, and countercurrent exchange.

Trachea

Used by insects.
Trachea are larger tubes that open to the outside, and tracheoles are smaller tubules that move air from trachea to organs and tissues.

Lungs

Typical of vertebrates.
Requires air flow by ventilation.
Air passes through trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and gas is exchanged in the alveoli.
Surfactant liquid keeps alveoli lining moist.

Vertebrate Breathing

The process that ventilates the lungs is breathing, the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air.

Amphibian Breathing

Ventilates its lungs by positive pressure.

Bird Breathing

Birds have eight or nine air sacs that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs.
Air passes through the lungs in one direction only.
Every exhalation completely renews the air in the lungs.

Mammalian Breathing

Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs.

Circulatory Systems

Circulation in animals: diffusion time is proportional to the distance squared, and diffusion is only efficient over small distances.
Properties of circulatory systems: a circulatory system minimizes the diffusion distance, has a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump (the heart).
The circulatory system connects the fluid that surrounds cells with the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes.

Circulatory Fluids

Body fluids can be categorized as intracellular (the cell's cytosol) and extracellular (blood, plasma, and interstitial fluid).
Plasma and interstitial fluid composition: about 90% water, with more protein in plasma than in interstitial fluid.
Blood composition: plasma (55%), and cellular elements (45%), including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Hemolymph: circulates in the body of molluscs and arthropods (open circulation), composed of water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Respiratory Adaptations

Breathing: the exchange of gasses between the animal and its surrounding environment.
The respiratory medium is the source of oxygen for the animal: air (21% oxygen) or water (dissolved oxygen, less than 0.015%).
The respiratory surface is the animal structure that exchanges gasses with the respiratory medium (gills, trachea, lungs, skin).
Respiratory pigments transport oxygen throughout the animal's body.

Circulation in Animals

Cells require efficient exchange of materials with their surroundings, but diffusion and osmosis are limited by slow rates and short distances.

Simple Animals: Sponges

Sponges lack tissues, eliminating the need for a circulatory system.
Cells in sponges absorb nutrients through phagocytosis and share them with other cells.

Animals with Circulatory Systems

Circulatory systems optimize time and material delivery between cells and tissues.
Three main components of a circulatory system:
- Circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
- Vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
- Muscular pump (heart)

Open Circulation

Characterized by hemolymph flowing through open spaces (sinuses) surrounding internal organs.
Hemolymph returns to the heart through openings (ostia).
Found in many protostomes, including arthropods and mollusks.

Closed Circulation

Blood is always enclosed within blood vessels and the heart.
Examples: annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates (e.g., earthworms, squid, and vertebrates).

Cardiovascular System (Vertebrates)

Muscular heart with chambers for receiving and pumping blood.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart.
Capillaries facilitate exchange of materials between blood and cells.

Evolution of Circulatory Systems

Fish: single circulation, heart with two chambers.
Amphibians: double circulation, heart with three chambers.
Reptiles: double circulation, heart with four chambers, incomplete interventricular septum.
Mammals and birds: double circulation, heart with four chambers, complete interventricular septum.

Circulatory Fluids

The body maintains a steady state through circulation, which replenishes materials and removes wastes.
There are two types of fluids in the body: intracellular (cytosol) and extracellular (interstitial fluid and blood plasma).

Cytosol

Cytosol is the fluid inside cells, making up about 70-90% water.
It communicates with the outside through the plasma membrane.

Interstitial Fluid

Interstitial fluid surrounds organs and tissues, making up about 90% water.
It is formed when emphatic fluid merges with a vessel transporting blood.
It stores resources for cells and removes waste products.

Blood Plasma

Blood plasma is the liquid portion of the blood, making up about 55% of the blood.
It is also about 90% water, formed when emphatic fluid merges with a vessel transporting blood.
It has a higher protein concentration than interstitial fluid due to protein size.
It delivers ions, nutrients, and hormones to cells and removes waste products.

Ions in Blood Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

Both fluids contain ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
These ions regulate membrane permeability, maintain water balance, and help with pH buffering.

Plasma Proteins

Plasma proteins like albumin help with pH buffering and maintaining osmotic balance.
Fibrinogen helps with clotting, and immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by the immune system.

Cellular Elements of Blood

The cellular elements of blood make up about 45% of the blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and are the most numerous cells in the blood.
Leukocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, defend the body against infection and disease.

Hemolymph

Hemolymph is a type of fluid found in open circulatory systems, such as in mollusks, arthropods, and some insects.
It is similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid, containing ions, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
It has a cellular component called hemocytes, which aid in immune and defense properties.

Chemo Stasis

Chemo stasis is the regulation of blood volume, maintaining internal constancy.
In the event of an injury, platelets accumulate at the site of bleeding and then activate to form a barrier.
The blood clotting process involves the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and then the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a mesh that traps platelets and red blood cells to stop bleeding.

Muscular Activity and Circulation

Muscles use sugar and oxygen during activity, producing carbon dioxide as a by-product
Blood delivers oxygen to muscle cells and transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for elimination

Components of Respiration and Gas Exchange

Respiratory medium: air for humans, water for aquatic animals
Respiratory surface: gills for aquatic animals, lungs for air-breathing organisms, skin for some animals
Respiratory pigments: hemocyanin for open circulatory systems, hemoglobin for closed circulatory systems, myoglobin for muscle cells

Respiratory Surfaces

Gills: efficient for aquatic animals, with large surface area for oxygen uptake
Skin: used for gas exchange in some animals, such as cnidarians, platyhelminthes, and annelids
Lungs: effective for air-breathing organisms, with large surface area for gas exchange

Respiratory Pigments

Hemocyanin: found in mollusks and arthropods with open circulatory systems
Hemoglobin: found in animals with closed circulatory systems, such as humans
Myoglobin: found in muscle cells, stores oxygen for high-demand activities

Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Cutaneous breathing: oxygen diffusion through the skin, used by some animals
Gills: increase surface area for oxygen uptake, with counter-current flow for efficient exchange
Trachea: used by insects and arthropods, with branching tubes for gas exchange
Lungs: used by air-breathing organisms, with ventilation for air flow and alveoli for gas exchange

Breathing in Amphibians

Amphibians use a space in their mouth to ventilate through a process called positive pressure breathing
They close their mouth and use muscle contractions to collapse the palate, pushing air into their lungs

Breathing in Birds

Birds require high amounts of oxygen due to endothermy and high energy demands
They have a unique breathing system involving four events:
- Air enters nostrils and moves into posterior air sacs during first inhalation
- Air moves from posterior air sacs to lungs during first exhalation
- Air from lungs moves into anterior air sacs during second inhalation
- Air moves from anterior air sacs out of the body during second exhalation
This system enables continuous oxygen supply to lungs, providing a fresh oxygen supply

Breathing in Mammals

Mammals, including humans, use a different breathing system involving diaphragm and intercostal muscles
The process involves three steps:
- Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
- Increase in lung volume, creating negative pressure
- Air is drawn into lungs by negative pressure
Key breathing measurements include:
- Tidal volume: amount of air breathed in during normal, resting breathing
- Vital capacity: maximum amount of air that can be breathed in
- Residual volume: small amount of air remaining in lungs after exhaling

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Description

This quiz covers different types of respiratory systems found in various animals, including mollusks, arthropods, vertebrates, and annelids. It also explores cutaneous breathing and its characteristics.