Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

  • Producing mucus
  • Voice production
  • Regulating airflow
  • Protecting the airway (correct)

    • The vocal folds are responsible for sound production when they are abducted.

    False (B)

    What structure connects the larynx to the trachea?

    Cricoid cartilage

    The right principal bronchus is more _____ and wider than the left principal bronchus.

    <p>vertical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures play a role in the movement of the vocal folds?

    <p>Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bronchi with their characteristics:

    <p>Right principal bronchus = More vertical, shorter, and wider Left principal bronchus = More horizontal, longer, and thinner Secondary bronchi = Branches for each lobe of the lungs Tertiary bronchi = Serves specific bronchopulmonary segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea contains complete rings of cartilage.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the modification of sounds produced by the vocal folds?

    <p>Phonation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange between the body and the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pulmonary veins?

    <p>To carry oxygenated blood away from the lungs to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary organ involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system is the ______.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a non-respiratory air movement?

    <p>Breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory volumes with their definitions:

    <p>Tidal Volume = The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath Residual Volume = The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation Expiratory Reserve Volume = The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation Inspiratory Reserve Volume = The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange involves the diffusion of O2 out of the bloodstream and CO2 into the bloodstream.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the entry/exit point of all structures to/from the lungs?

    <p>hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bronchioles?

    <p>Control resistance to airflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of alveoli are two cells thick, facilitating efficient gas exchange.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>It decreases surface tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura is known as the ______ cavity.

    <p>pleural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their description:

    <p>Alveoli = Tiny air sacs for gas exchange Pleura = Double membrane surrounding lungs Diaphragm = Muscle dividing thorax from abdomen Bronchioles = Air passageway with smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alveoli are typically found in a healthy human lung?

    <p>300 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parietal pleura is the innermost layer adherent to the lung surface.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is found in the internal surface of alveoli to facilitate oxygen absorption?

    <p>Alveolar fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla oblongata is responsible for smoothing the transition of breaths during singing and exercising.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a progressive destruction of elastic tissue in the lungs?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bicarbonate ions are formed through the reaction of CO2 and ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Common cold = Infection caused by rhinovirus, usually mild Asthma = A condition involving constricted airways often due to allergens Sinusitis = Infection of paranasal sinuses, often secondary bacterial Pharyngitis = Inflammation of the throat usually secondary to other infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory center integrates sensory information to modify breathing rhythms?

    <p>Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperpnea is a term used to describe deep, rapid breathing during rest.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is diphtheria caused by?

    <p>Bacterial infection by Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for asthma symptoms?

    <p>House dust mites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cigarette smoking contributes to 50% of lung cancer cases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bronchiectasis characterized by?

    <p>Permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi/bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pneumoconiosis is caused by prolonged exposure to _____ dust.

    <p>organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of lung collapse?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung conditions with their associated causes:

    <p>Asthma = Airway narrowing due to specific stimuli Emphysema = Progressive loss of elasticity from smoking Bronchial carcinoma = 90% due to smoking Pleural mesothelioma = Associated with asbestos exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli that can be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of emphysema?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia leads to alveoli filling with inflammatory fluid?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pneumonia can only be caused by bacterial infection.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition involves air within the pleural cavity?

    <p>Pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elderly, infants, and those with an underlying _______ are particularly susceptible to pneumonia.

    <p>lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pneumonia with their description:

    <p>Lobar pneumonia = Infection affecting a large and continuous area of a lobe of the lung Bronchopneumonia = Infection spread throughout both lungs causing patches Aspiration pneumonia = Infection from inhaled food, liquid, or vomit Viral pneumonia = Pneumonia caused by viruses, often with milder symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lung on the affected side during pneumothorax?

    <p>It may be partially or completely collapsed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microthrombi in the pulmonary arterial vasculature do not have severe implications.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnosis that is often missed related to lung health?

    <p>Pulmonary embolus (PE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, delivering oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.
    • Key organs include the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.
    • The respiratory tract carries air to and from the lungs.

    Learning Objectives

    • Understanding the organs of the respiratory system
    • Describing the function and structure of respiratory organs, including the respiratory membrane
    • Defining external and internal respiration processes
    • Identifying respiratory volumes such as tidal volume, residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume
    • Recognizing non-respiratory air movements
    • Describing gas exchange and transport mechanisms for CO2 and O2
    • Explaining respiratory control mechanisms
    • Identifying and describing various respiratory disorders

    Respiratory Tract

    • The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx
    • The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

    Lung Structure

    • Lungs are divided into lobes (2 left, 3 right)
    • The hilum is the entry/exit point for structures like pulmonary veins, arteries, and bronchial vessels.

    Lung Blood Supply

    • Lungs receive deoxygenated blood via pulmonary arteries.
    • Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via pulmonary veins.
    • Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart

    Respiratory functions

    • Ventilation (delivery of O2 and removal of CO2 and H2O from the lungs)
    • Gas exchange ( the diffusion of O2 into the bloodstream, and the diffusion of CO2 out of the bloodstream)
    • Maintaining blood pH ( regulates the acid-base levels in the blood)
    • Air preparation (filtering, warming, humidifying inhaled air)
    • Vocalization (production of speech)
    • Olfaction (smell detection)
    • Protection against pathogens (protection of respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, and pathogens)

    Basis of Respiration

    • Inhalation occurs due to a pressure difference from the lungs vs the atmosphere.
    • The volume in the lungs increases due to ribcage volume changes from the intercostal muscles and diaphragm lowering
    • Lungs move with the chest wall due to the closed cavities

    Upper Respiratory Tract- Nasal Cavity

    • Nostrils are supported by alar cartilages
    • Covered with a mucous membrane (containing lysozyme)
    • Function to filter, warm, and moisten inhaled air
    • The olfactory mucosa detects odors

    Upper Respiratory Tract - Pharynx

    • A muscular tube connecting nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx.
    • Subdivisions include nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
    • Contains tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual)

    Upper Respiratory Tract - Larynx

    • The larynx is a cartilaginous structure for airway protection, and voice production.
    • Key cartilages include epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages
    • Contains vocal folds that create sound upon air passing through

    Vocal Folds

    • Voicing requires adduction of vocal folds
    • Air from the lungs forces vocal folds apart for sound

    Lower Respiratory Tract - Trachea

    • Descends through the thorax and divides into two main bronchi.
    • Contains C-shaped cartilages rings (fibroelastic membrane holds them together)
    • Lined with a specialized mucous membrane with cilia (beat upwards)

    Lower Respiratory Tract - Bronchi

    • Similar structure to the trachea, with incomplete cartilage rings
    • Travel obliquely to enter the lungs
    • Divided into smaller branches (segmental and tertiary bronchioles)
    • Terminal bronchioles
    • The bronchioles control airflow and distribution.

    Lower Respiratory Tract - Alveoli

    • Tiny, thin-walled air sacs with rich blood supply
    • Gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane
    • Covered in surfactant (reduces surface tension to prevent collapse)
    • Contain macrophages to kill bacteria

    Pleura

    • Lungs are covered by a double-layered membrane (visceral and parietal pleura)
    • The pleural cavity is the potential space between these layers
    • Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing

    Muscles of Inhalation

    • Diaphragm (musculofibrous) divides the thorax from the abdomen
    • External intercostal muscles are obliquely positioned
    • Diaphragm is responsible for 75% and intercostals responsible for 25% of air entering the lungs

    Pulmonary Ventilation/Breathing

    • Inhalation is when the lungs expand due to decreased pressure from muscle contraction
    • Exhalation occurs when the lungs revert back to normal size by the relaxation of the inhalation muscles.

    Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Surface tension of alveolar fluid (surfactant)
    • Lung compliance (elasticity and surface tension)
    • Airway resistance (diameter of airways influences resistance)

    Lung Volumes

    • Four major pulmonary volumes are tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume.
    • These volumes make up pulmonary capacities

    Non-Respiratory Air Movements

    • Cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawning are different forms of involuntary respiration

    Respiratory Membranes

    • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within alveolar wall/capillary wall (thin, moist, permeable surface)
    • External Respiration: air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary circulation
    • Internal Respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and blood in the systemic capillaries

    Oxygen Transport

    • Oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
    • Temperature and pH affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

    Control of Respiration

    • Respiration is controlled by the respiratory center located in the brainstem (medulla and pons)
    • Receptors monitor blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels
    • Breathing rate varies based on physical activity and metabolic demands

    Associated Disorders

    • Infectious and inflammatory disorders: common cold, influenza, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, diphtheria, hay fever, etc.
    • Obstructive lung disorders: bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, bronchiectasis
    • Restrictive disorders: pneumoconiosis, pulmonary toxins, pneumonia, lung infections, TB, lung tumor, bronchial carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma, lung collapse, impaired surfactant function, and pressure collapse
    • Pulmonary Embolism

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. This quiz covers structures like the epiglottis, vocal folds, and the lower respiratory tract, along with processes such as gas exchange. Perfect for students in biology or health sciences.

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