Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the respiratory membrane?

  • To produce surfactant
  • To facilitate the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • To move air in and out of the lungs
  • To regulate the pressure in the thoracic cavity

    • What type of epithelial lining is found in the alveoli?

  • Columnar epithelial lining
  • Cuboidal epithelial lining
  • Squamous epithelial lining (correct)
  • Pseudostratified epithelial lining

    • Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?

  • Alveolar duct
  • Alveoli
  • Terminal bronchioles (correct)
  • Respiratory bronchioles

    • What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>To decrease the surface tension of the alveolar fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of respiration involves the movement of air into the lungs?

    <p>Inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inspiration?

    <p>To contract and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of expiration?

    <p>It is a passive process dependent on natural lung elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchanges between the blood and external environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nasal cavity?

    <p>To purify, warm, and humidify incoming air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the olfactory receptors located?

    <p>In the mucosa on the superior surface of the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To increase surface area and air turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four bones that contain paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, and Maxillary bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of expiration?

    <p>Contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three regions of the pharynx?

    <p>Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the paranasal sinuses produce mucus that drains into?

    <p>The nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of oxygen transport in the blood?

    <p>Attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

    <p>Transported as bicarbonate ion in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during internal respiration?

    <p>Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells into blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the neural centers that control rate and depth of respiration located?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal respiratory rate?

    <p>12–15 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pharynx?

    <p>To route air and food into proper channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tonsil is located in the nasopharynx?

    <p>Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epiglottis?

    <p>To route food to the larynx and air towards the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glottis?

    <p>To open and close the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliated mucosa in the trachea?

    <p>To beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the left lung have?

    <p>Two lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonary pleura?

    <p>To cover the lung surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the smallest branches of the bronchial tree?

    <p>Terminal bronchioli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organs of the Respiratory System

    • Nose
    • Pharynx
    • Larynx
    • Trachea
    • Bronchi
    • Lungs (alveoli)

    Functions of the Respiratory System

    • Oversees gas exchanges between the blood and external environment
    • Exchange of gases takes place within the alveoli
    • Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air

    The Nose

    • The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
    • Air enters the nose through the external nares (nostrils)
    • The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum
    • Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
    • The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa that moistens air and traps incoming foreign particles
    • Lateral walls have projections called conchae, which increase surface area and air turbulence within the nasal cavity
    • The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate (anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate)

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones)
    • Functions: lighten the skull, act as resonance chambers for speech, and produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

    Pharynx (Throat)

    • Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
    • Three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
    • The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
    • Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
    • Tonsils of the pharynx: pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils

    Larynx (Voice Box)

    • Routes air and food into proper channels
    • Plays a role in speech
    • Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
    • Vocal cords vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
    • Thyroid cartilage: largest hyaline cartilage, protrudes anteriorly (Adam's apple)
    • Epiglottis: superior opening of the larynx, routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
    • Glottis: opening between vocal cords

    Trachea (Windpipe)

    • Connects larynx with bronchi
    • Lined with ciliated mucosa that beats continuously to expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
    • Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

    Primary Bronchi

    • Formed by division of the trachea
    • Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression)
    • Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
    • Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

    Lungs

    • Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
    • Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures (left lung has two lobes, right lung has three lobes)
    • Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
    • Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
    • Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

    Respiratory Tree Divisions

    • Primary bronchi
    • Secondary bronchi
    • Tertiary bronchi
    • Bronchioles
    • Terminal bronchioli

    Respiratory Zone

    • Structures: respiratory bronchioli, alveolar duct, and alveoli
    • Site of gas exchange

    Alveoli

    • Structure: alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveolus
    • Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli in the respiratory membrane
    • Squamous epithelial lining alveolar walls
    • Covered with pulmonary capillaries on external surfaces

    Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)

    • Site of gas exchange between the air and blood

    Gas Exchange

    • Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion
    • Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
    • Macrophages add protection
    • Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

    Events of Respiration

    • Pulmonary ventilation: moving air in and out of the lungs
    • External respiration: gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
    • Respiratory gas transport: transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
    • Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

    Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

    • Mechanical process dependent on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
    • Two phases: inspiration (flow of air into the lung) and expiration (air leaving the lung)
    • Inspiration: diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and pulling in external air
    • Expiration: passive process dependent on natural lung elasticity, with air being pushed out of the lungs as muscles relax
    • Forced expiration: occurs mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

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    Test your knowledge of the respiratory system, including the structure and function of the respiratory membrane, alveoli, and gas exchange.

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