Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary means by which carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood?

  • In the form of carbamino-haemoglobin
  • Bound to red blood cell proteins
  • In the form of bicarbonate (correct)
  • In a dissolved state in plasma

    • What is the role of haemoglobin in oxygen transport?

  • Haemoglobin directly converts carbon dioxide to oxygen
  • Haemoglobin binds to oxygen, increasing its solubility in blood (correct)
  • Haemoglobin breaks down oxygen molecules into smaller units for easier absorption
  • Haemoglobin acts as a catalyst, speeding up the reaction of oxygen with blood

    • What is the primary cause of emphysema?

  • An allergic reaction to dust mites
  • Damage to the alveolar walls, often caused by smoking (correct)
  • A viral infection of the lungs
  • A buildup of mucus in the airways

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of asthma?

    <p>Chronic lung damage leading to decreased respiratory surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for the development of occupational respiratory disorders in certain industries?

    <p>Exposure to high levels of particulate matter, like dust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the additional volume of air that can be inspired by a forcible inspiration called?

    <p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a forceful expiration?

    <p>Residual Volume (RV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total volume of air that can be held in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration?

    <p>Total Lung Capacity (TLC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a forced inhalation?

    <p>Vital Capacity (VC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration?

    <p>Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the respiratory capacity?

    <p>Tidal Volume (TV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During normal respiration, a healthy individual inspires or expires approximately how much air per minute?

    <p>6000 to 8000 mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula for calculating Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

    <p>RV+ERV+TV+IRV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Breathing and Gas Exchange

    • Oxygen (O2) is used by organisms to break down glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, releasing energy for cellular activities.
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a byproduct of cellular activities, and it's harmful if not removed.
    • Breathing, or respiration, involves exchanging O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by cells.

    Respiratory Organs in Animals

    • Lower invertebrates (e.g., sponges, flatworms) exchange gases via simple diffusion across their bodies.
    • Earthworms use their moist skin (cutaneous respiration).
    • Insects use tracheal tubes to transport air throughout their bodies.
    • Aquatic arthropods and mollusks use gills (branchial respiration) to exchange gases.
    • Vertebrates (e.g., fish) also use gills for respiration.
    • Terrestrial animals (e.g., amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) use lungs for pulmonary respiration.

    Human Respiratory System

    • Nostrils and Nasal Chamber: Air enters the body through the nostrils.
    • Pharynx: A common passageway for air and food.
    • Larynx (Voice Box): A cartilaginous structure involved in sound production.
    • Glottis: The opening between the vocal folds within the larynx.
    • Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.
    • Trachea (Windpipe): A tube supported by C-shaped cartilage rings that carries air to the lungs.
    • Bronchi: The trachea branches into two bronchi, one for each lung.
    • Bronchioles: The bronchi further divide into smaller bronchioles.
    • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They have thin walls and a large surface area to facilitate gas exchange.
    • Lungs: The main organs of gas exchange.
    • Pleural Membranes: These membranes surround the lungs, reducing friction during breathing.
    • Pleural fluid: Found between the pleural membranes, it reduces friction.

    Conducting and Respiratory Regions

    • Conducting zone: This part of the respiratory system transports air to the alveoli. It includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
    • Respiratory zone: This part of the respiratory system, containing the alveoli, is where gas exchange between the blood and the air takes place.

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Breathing involves creating a pressure gradient to move air in and out of the lungs.
    • Inspiration (Inhalation): The volume of the thoracic cavity increases, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs. This is achieved by contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
    • Expiration (Exhalation): The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, increasing intrapulmonary pressure, causing air to flow out of the lungs. This is achieved by relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles and contraction of internal intercostal muscles.

    Respiratory Volumes/Capacities

    • Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
    • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional volume of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal inhalation.
    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The additional volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation.
    • Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a forced exhalation.
    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (TV+IRV).
    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation (RV+ERV).
    • Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one respiratory cycle (TV+IRV+ERV).
    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total volume of air that the lungs can hold (VC+RV).

    Gas Exchange

    • Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli and the tissues.
    • Alveoli: Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the surrounding capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli.
    • Tissues: Oxygen diffuses from the capillaries surrounding the tissues into the tissues. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the surrounding capillaries.
    • The solubility of gases, and the thickness of the exchange membrane affected the rate of gas exchange.

    Transport of Gases

    • Oxygen (O2): Most O2 is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs), while a small amount is dissolved in the plasma.
    • Carbon Dioxide (CO2): CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) in the blood, as carbaminohemoglobin, or dissolved in the plasma.

    Regulation of Respiration

    • Respiratory Center: A group of neurons in the medulla oblongata of the brain that control breathing rate and depth.
    • Chemoreceptors: Detect changes in CO2, O2, and pH levels, adjusting breathing rate accordingly.
    • Pneumotaxic Center: Found in the pons, influencing respiratory rate and the length of inhalation.

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Conditions like asthma, emphysema, and occupational lung diseases (e.g., from dust exposure) impair normal respiratory function.

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    Related Documents

    Breathing and Exchange of Gases PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the human respiratory system with this quiz. Covering topics such as gas transport, respiratory disorders, and lung capacities, this quiz will help solidify your understanding of respiratory physiology.

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