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Questions and Answers
Which structure is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
Which structure is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of the conducting zone?
What is the primary function of the conducting zone?
Which of the following structures is found in the lower respiratory tract?
Which of the following structures is found in the lower respiratory tract?
Where does all incoming air ultimately stop in the respiratory system?
Where does all incoming air ultimately stop in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following structures is involved in airflow but does not participate in gas exchange?
Which of the following structures is involved in airflow but does not participate in gas exchange?
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What is the primary characteristic that differentiates the right main bronchus from the left main bronchus?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates the right main bronchus from the left main bronchus?
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Which part of the lung contains the cardiac impression?
Which part of the lung contains the cardiac impression?
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What structures are included in the root of the lung?
What structures are included in the root of the lung?
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What is the primary role of terminal bronchioles?
What is the primary role of terminal bronchioles?
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Which type of cells are primarily responsible for the gas exchange in alveoli?
Which type of cells are primarily responsible for the gas exchange in alveoli?
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What is the function of the pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?
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What distinguishes lobar bronchi from segmental bronchi?
What distinguishes lobar bronchi from segmental bronchi?
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Which structure marks the entry point for blood vessels and nerves into the lung?
Which structure marks the entry point for blood vessels and nerves into the lung?
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
How many lobes does the left lung have?
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What is the diameter of terminal bronchioles?
What is the diameter of terminal bronchioles?
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What is the primary function of the larynx?
What is the primary function of the larynx?
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Which structures are responsible for detecting odors within the nasal cavity?
Which structures are responsible for detecting odors within the nasal cavity?
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Where does the nasal cavity open into the nasopharynx?
Where does the nasal cavity open into the nasopharynx?
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Which part of the pharynx is located above the soft palate?
Which part of the pharynx is located above the soft palate?
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What is the role of the erectile tissue in the nasal cavity?
What is the role of the erectile tissue in the nasal cavity?
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Which structures form the nasal septum?
Which structures form the nasal septum?
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What type of epithelium lines the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelium lines the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the mucus produced in the nasal cavity?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the mucus produced in the nasal cavity?
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What anatomical structure guards the superior opening of the larynx?
What anatomical structure guards the superior opening of the larynx?
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How many paired cartilages are found in the laryngeal framework?
How many paired cartilages are found in the laryngeal framework?
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Which of the following passages serves as a narrow air channel beneath the nasal conchae?
Which of the following passages serves as a narrow air channel beneath the nasal conchae?
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Which part of the pharynx is associated with the oral cavity?
Which part of the pharynx is associated with the oral cavity?
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How does the trachealis muscle affect airflow?
How does the trachealis muscle affect airflow?
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What type of epithelium comprises the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelium comprises the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Anatomy
- The respiratory system functions as an air distributor and gas exchanger, filtering, warming, and humidifying air. It influences speech and sense of smell.
Anatomical Division
-
Upper respiratory tract (head and neck):
- Nasal cavity and nose
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
-
Lower respiratory tract (thorax):
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
Functional Division
-
Conducting zone: Passages that serve only for airflow
- No gas exchange
- From nostrils to major bronchioles
- Respiratory zone: Alveoli and other minimal gas exchange regions
The Upper Respiratory Tract
-
Nasal cavity:
- From nostrils (nares)
- To choanae (posterior region, opening to nasopharynx).
- Includes nasal septum, nostrils (external nares), sphenoid bone, vomer, and palatine bone; nasal cavity is divided into nasal fossae, each lined with respiratory epithelium that has goblet cells to produce mucus. Vibrissae (stiff hairs) block debris to help filter air.
- Paranasal sinuses: Air-filled spaces in the skull bones surrounding the nasal cavity adding resonance to voice.
- Pharynx: Muscular tube extending from choanae to larynx; divided into three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
-
Larynx (voice box): Cartilaginous chamber approximately 4cm long; primarily keeps food and drink out of the airway; evolved additional role of phonation (production of sound) in animals
- Epiglottis: Flap guarding superior opening of larynx.
- Thyroid cartilage: Largest cartilage; shaped like shield. Laryngeal prominence ("Adam's apple") is formed from thyroid cartilage.
- Cricoid cartilage: Ring-like cartilage connecting larynx to trachea.
- Arytenoid cartilages: Paired cartilages behind thyroid cartilage.
- Corniculate cartilages: Small, paired cartilages on top of arytenoid cartilages.
- Cuneiform cartilages: Support soft tissue between arytenoid and epiglottis.
The Nasal Cavity
- Roof: Ethmoid and sphenoid bones
- Floor: Hard palate, maxilla, and palatine bones
- Nasal conchae: Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae projecting from lateral walls; create meatus for airflow. Nasal conchae contain erectile tissue, or swell body; venous plexus in inferior concha restricts airflow in one fossa while directing air through other, and this process occurs every 30 to 60 minutes which helps recover from drying.
-
Nasal mucosa:
- Epithelial layer: Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
- Goblet cells: Produce mucus.
- Cilia: Propel mucus toward pharynx (swallowed).
- Olfactory epithelium: Sensory neurons detecting odors; in small area of nasal cavity roof.
The Pharynx
- Muscular funnel from choanae to larynx
- Three regions:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
The Larynx
- Cartilaginous chamber; maintains airway; keeps food out of airway. It is involved in voice production.
- Cartilages: Epiglottic, Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform
The Lower Respiratory Tract
- Trachea: Rigid tube; 12 cm long and 2.5cm wide; anterior to esophagus, made of hyaline cartilage rings; trachealis muscle adjusts airflow;
- Main bronchi: Trachea branches into right and left main bronchi at level of sternal angle; right bronchus is wider and more vertical; carina is internal ridge at trachea fork.
- Bronchial tree: Branching system of air tubes from main bronchus to 65,000 terminal bronchioles; each branch is narrower. The right bronchus is wider and more vertical for easier foreign body inhalation in that side. The left bronchus is longer, thinner, and more angled.
- Bronchioles: Smallest branches of bronchial tree; 1mm or less in diameter; pulmonary lobule: portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole; divides into 50 to 80 terminal bronchioles
Alveoli
- Numerous tiny air sacs in lungs; ~150 million in each lung; 70m2 surface area for gas exchange
- Alveolar cells: Squamous (type I), Great (type II), alveolar macrophages
- Respiratory membrane: Thin barrier between alveolar air and blood
- Capillaries surrounding alveoli.
The Pleurae
- Serous membrane surrounding lungs
- Visceral pleura: Inner layer covering lungs
- Parietal pleura: Outer layer lining thoracic cavity
- Pleural cavity: Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura containing pleural fluid (reducing friction).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the respiratory system with this quiz that covers both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Questions explore the functions of various structures and the overall respiratory process. Ideal for students studying human biology or anatomy.
