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Questions and Answers
What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?
What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?
The nose
Which of the following structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
Which of the following structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
- Trachea
- Pharynx (correct)
- Nose (correct)
- Larynx (correct)
- Alveoli
- Bronchi
The nasal cavity is the interior of the nose.
The nasal cavity is the interior of the nose.
True (A)
What is the name of the structure that divides the nasal cavity?
What is the name of the structure that divides the nasal cavity?
Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the inferior surface of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the inferior surface of the nasal cavity.
What are the functions of the respiratory mucosa?
What are the functions of the respiratory mucosa?
Conchae are projections from the medial walls of the nasal cavity.
Conchae are projections from the medial walls of the nasal cavity.
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
The hard palate is posterior and unsupported by bone.
The hard palate is posterior and unsupported by bone.
What are paranasal sinuses?
What are paranasal sinuses?
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
What is another name for the pharynx?
What is another name for the pharynx?
Which of the following are regions of the pharynx?
Which of the following are regions of the pharynx?
What is the function of the epiglottis?
What is the function of the epiglottis?
The glottis includes the vocal folds and the opening between them.
The glottis includes the vocal folds and the opening between them.
What is another name for the trachea?
What is another name for the trachea?
What is the function of the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?
What is the function of the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?
The cilia in the trachea beat continuously in the same direction as incoming air.
The cilia in the trachea beat continuously in the same direction as incoming air.
What are the main bronchi formed by?
What are the main bronchi formed by?
The left main bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the right main bronchus.
The left main bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the right main bronchus.
The bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches.
The bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches.
What is the structure that is the network of branching airways?
What is the structure that is the network of branching airways?
Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?
Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?
The alveoli are the only site of gas exchange in the lungs.
The alveoli are the only site of gas exchange in the lungs.
What is the name of the air-blood barrier?
What is the name of the air-blood barrier?
What are the functions of alveolar macrophages?
What are the functions of alveolar macrophages?
Surfactant is a protein molecule that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces.
Surfactant is a protein molecule that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces.
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Inspiration is a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.
Inspiration is a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.
Expiration is a largely passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.
Expiration is a largely passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.
Intrapulmonary pressure is always positive.
Intrapulmonary pressure is always positive.
What is the primary factor that prevents the lungs from collapsing?
What is the primary factor that prevents the lungs from collapsing?
What volume of air is moved in or out of the lungs with each normal quiet breath?
What volume of air is moved in or out of the lungs with each normal quiet breath?
What is the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume?
What is the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume?
What is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration?
What is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration?
What is the total amount of exchangeable air?
What is the total amount of exchangeable air?
What is the air that remains in the conducting zone and never reaches the alveoli?
What is the air that remains in the conducting zone and never reaches the alveoli?
Nonrespiratory air movements can only be caused by voluntary actions.
Nonrespiratory air movements can only be caused by voluntary actions.
Coughing and sneezing are examples of nonrespiratory air movements.
Coughing and sneezing are examples of nonrespiratory air movements.
Yawning is a very shallow inspiration.
Yawning is a very shallow inspiration.
Respiratory sounds can be monitored with an MRI.
Respiratory sounds can be monitored with an MRI.
Bronchial sounds are produced by air rushing through small passageways such as the bronchioles.
Bronchial sounds are produced by air rushing through small passageways such as the bronchioles.
Vesicular breathing sounds are soft sounds of air filling alveoli.
Vesicular breathing sounds are soft sounds of air filling alveoli.
For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into alveoli, it must be released from its bicarbonate form.
For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into alveoli, it must be released from its bicarbonate form.
Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.
Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.
During internal respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into tissue cells.
During internal respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into tissue cells.
The activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by the spinal nerves.
The activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by the spinal nerves.
The medulla oblongata sets the basic rhythm of breathing.
The medulla oblongata sets the basic rhythm of breathing.
The pons helps to smooth out the respiratory rate.
The pons helps to smooth out the respiratory rate.
Hyperpnea is an increased respiratory rate, often due to the need for extra oxygen.
Hyperpnea is an increased respiratory rate, often due to the need for extra oxygen.
Increased body temperature is a neural factor that can influence respiratory rate and depth.
Increased body temperature is a neural factor that can influence respiratory rate and depth.
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood can stimulate breathing.
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood can stimulate breathing.
Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata.
Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata.
Hypoventilation is a condition where breathing is excessively slow or shallow, allowing carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood.
Hypoventilation is a condition where breathing is excessively slow or shallow, allowing carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe.
A history of heavy smoking is a risk factor for COPD.
A history of heavy smoking is a risk factor for COPD.
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory passages.
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory passages.
Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls and the loss of lung elasticity.
Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls and the loss of lung elasticity.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women.
Surfactant is a substance that helps to keep the alveoli open.
Surfactant is a substance that helps to keep the alveoli open.
The lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth because surfactant is not yet present.
The lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth because surfactant is not yet present.
What is the term for a chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passageway?
What is the term for a chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passageway?
As people age, the elasticity of the lungs increases.
As people age, the elasticity of the lungs increases.
As people age, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases.
As people age, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases.
As people age, the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide increase.
As people age, the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide increase.
Elderly people are more at risk for respiratory tract infections.
Elderly people are more at risk for respiratory tract infections.
Flashcards
Respiratory system organs
Respiratory system organs
The organs involved in breathing, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs (alveoli).
Upper respiratory tract
Upper respiratory tract
Structures from nose to larynx, warming, humidifying, and purifying air.
Lower respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Structures from trachea to alveoli; passageways to lungs.
Alveoli
Alveoli
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Nose (nasal cavity)
Nose (nasal cavity)
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Nasal septum
Nasal septum
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Nasal conchae
Nasal conchae
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Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses
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Palate
Palate
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Pharynx
Pharynx
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Larynx
Larynx
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Vocal folds
Vocal folds
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Trachea
Trachea
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Bronchi
Bronchi
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Lungs
Lungs
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Pulmonary pleura
Pulmonary pleura
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Parietal pleura
Parietal pleura
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Pleural fluid
Pleural fluid
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Bronchial tree
Bronchial tree
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Respiratory zone
Respiratory zone
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Respiratory membrane
Respiratory membrane
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Alveolar macrophages
Alveolar macrophages
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Mechanics of breathing
Mechanics of breathing
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Inspiration/Inhalation
Inspiration/Inhalation
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Study Notes
Organs of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs (with alveoli).
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
- The upper respiratory tract includes the nose to larynx.
- The lower respiratory tract includes from the trachea to alveoli.
- Air is purified, humidified, and warmed in the passageways to the lungs.
The Nose
- The nose is the external, visible part of the respiratory system.
- Nostrils (nares) are the openings for air.
- The nasal cavity is the interior, which is divided by the nasal septum.
- Nasal conchae increase surface area for air filtration.
- Olfactory receptors are located on the superior surface.
- Respiratory mucosa moistens air, traps particles, and destroys bacteria.
- Paranasal sinuses lighten the skull, act as resonance chambers, and produce mucus.
The Pharynx
- The pharynx (throat) is a common passageway for air and food.
- It has three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
The Larynx
- The larynx (voice box) is inferior to pharynx.
- It plays a role in speech and routes air and food into proper passages.
- Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages; the thyroid cartilage is the largest.
- The epiglottis protects the superior opening of the larynx.
The Trachea
- The trachea (windpipe) is a 4-inch long tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.
- Reinforced with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to maintain an open airway.
- Lined with ciliated mucosa that expels mucus and debris.
The Main Bronchi
- The trachea branches into two main bronchi (right and left).
- The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left.
- Bronchi subdivide into smaller branches.
The Lungs
- Lungs occupy the thoracic cavity.
- Each lung has lobes (right has 3, left has 2).
- Serous membranes (pleural membranes) surround the lungs.
- Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing.
- Pleural space is a potential space between the layers.
Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane
- The respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
- Alveoli are the primary sites for gas exchange.
- The respiratory membrane is a thin barrier formed by alveolar and capillary walls. It is the site where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory Physiology
- The respiratory system supplies oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide.
Mechanics of Breathing
- Inspiration (inhalation) - increases lung volume by contracting diaphragm and intercostal muscles, decreasing pressure.
- Expiration (exhalation) - decreases lung volume by relaxing diaphragm and intercostal muscles, increasing pressure.
- Intrapleural pressure is always negative and keeps lungs inflated.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Measurement of air volumes moved during breathing.
- These factors include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
- Examples of nonrespiratory air movements like coughing, sneezing, crying, and laughing.
Respiratory Sounds
- Sounds monitored by stethoscope can indicate health of the respiratory system.
Gas Transport in the Blood
- Carbon dioxide transport in blood involves conversion to bicarbonate ions.
- Oxygen transport uses hemoglobin.
Internal Respiration
- Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.
- Opposite reaction from external respiration.
Control of Respiration
- Neural control from the medulla and pons sets the basic breathing rhythm.
- Chemical factors like CO2 and O2 levels in the blood influence breathing rate and depth.
- Hyperventilation increases breathing rate, and hypoventilation decreases it.
- Other factors, including body temperature and emotional status also influence breathing.
Respiratory Disorders
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) combines emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
- Lung cancer is associated with smoking.
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
- Lung development continues after birth to adulthood.
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Description
This quiz covers the organs and functional anatomy of the respiratory system, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Learn about the gas exchange process in alveoli and the roles of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of respiratory organs.
