Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?

The nose

Which of the following structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

  • Trachea
  • Pharynx (correct)
  • Nose (correct)
  • Larynx (correct)
  • Alveoli
  • Bronchi

    • The nasal cavity is the interior of the nose.

    True

    What is the name of the structure that divides the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nasal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the inferior surface of the nasal cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of the respiratory mucosa?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conchae are projections from the medial walls of the nasal cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Increase surface area, increase air turbulence, and increase trapping of inhaled particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hard palate is posterior and unsupported by bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the pharynx?

    <p>The throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are regions of the pharynx?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epiglottis?

    <p>Protects the superior opening of the larynx, routes food into the esophagus, and routes air towards the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glottis includes the vocal folds and the opening between them.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the trachea?

    <p>The windpipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?

    <p>Keep the trachea patent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cilia in the trachea beat continuously in the same direction as incoming air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main bronchi formed by?

    <p>Division of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left main bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the right main bronchus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that is the network of branching airways?

    <p>Bronchial (respiratory) tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alveoli are the only site of gas exchange in the lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the air-blood barrier?

    <p>Respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of alveolar macrophages?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surfactant is a protein molecule that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of the respiratory system?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inspiration is a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expiration is a largely passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrapulmonary pressure is always positive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that prevents the lungs from collapsing?

    <p>Intrapleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What volume of air is moved in or out of the lungs with each normal quiet breath?

    <p>500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume?

    <p>Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration?

    <p>Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of exchangeable air?

    <p>Vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the air that remains in the conducting zone and never reaches the alveoli?

    <p>Dead space volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonrespiratory air movements can only be caused by voluntary actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coughing and sneezing are examples of nonrespiratory air movements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yawning is a very shallow inspiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory sounds can be monitored with an MRI.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchial sounds are produced by air rushing through small passageways such as the bronchioles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicular breathing sounds are soft sounds of air filling alveoli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into alveoli, it must be released from its bicarbonate form.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During internal respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into tissue cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by the spinal nerves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla oblongata sets the basic rhythm of breathing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pons helps to smooth out the respiratory rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperpnea is an increased respiratory rate, often due to the need for extra oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased body temperature is a neural factor that can influence respiratory rate and depth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood can stimulate breathing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoventilation is a condition where breathing is excessively slow or shallow, allowing carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A history of heavy smoking is a risk factor for COPD.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory passages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls and the loss of lung elasticity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surfactant is a substance that helps to keep the alveoli open.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth because surfactant is not yet present.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passageway?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As people age, the elasticity of the lungs increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As people age, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As people age, the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide increase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elderly people are more at risk for respiratory tract infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organs of the Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs (with alveoli).

    Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

    • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
    • The upper respiratory tract includes the nose to larynx.
    • The lower respiratory tract includes from the trachea to alveoli.
    • Air is purified, humidified, and warmed in the passageways to the lungs.

    The Nose

    • The nose is the external, visible part of the respiratory system.
    • Nostrils (nares) are the openings for air.
    • The nasal cavity is the interior, which is divided by the nasal septum.
    • Nasal conchae increase surface area for air filtration.
    • Olfactory receptors are located on the superior surface.
    • Respiratory mucosa moistens air, traps particles, and destroys bacteria.
    • Paranasal sinuses lighten the skull, act as resonance chambers, and produce mucus.

    The Pharynx

    • The pharynx (throat) is a common passageway for air and food.
    • It has three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

    The Larynx

    • The larynx (voice box) is inferior to pharynx.
    • It plays a role in speech and routes air and food into proper passages.
    • Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages; the thyroid cartilage is the largest.
    • The epiglottis protects the superior opening of the larynx.

    The Trachea

    • The trachea (windpipe) is a 4-inch long tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.
    • Reinforced with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to maintain an open airway.
    • Lined with ciliated mucosa that expels mucus and debris.

    The Main Bronchi

    • The trachea branches into two main bronchi (right and left).
    • The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left.
    • Bronchi subdivide into smaller branches.

    The Lungs

    • Lungs occupy the thoracic cavity.
    • Each lung has lobes (right has 3, left has 2).
    • Serous membranes (pleural membranes) surround the lungs.
    • Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing.
    • Pleural space is a potential space between the layers.

    Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane

    • The respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
    • Alveoli are the primary sites for gas exchange.
    • The respiratory membrane is a thin barrier formed by alveolar and capillary walls. It is the site where gas exchange occurs.

    Respiratory Physiology

    • The respiratory system supplies oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide.

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Inspiration (inhalation) - increases lung volume by contracting diaphragm and intercostal muscles, decreasing pressure.
    • Expiration (exhalation) - decreases lung volume by relaxing diaphragm and intercostal muscles, increasing pressure.
    • Intrapleural pressure is always negative and keeps lungs inflated.

    Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

    • Measurement of air volumes moved during breathing.
    • These factors include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.

    Nonrespiratory Air Movements

    • Examples of nonrespiratory air movements like coughing, sneezing, crying, and laughing.

    Respiratory Sounds

    • Sounds monitored by stethoscope can indicate health of the respiratory system.

    Gas Transport in the Blood

    • Carbon dioxide transport in blood involves conversion to bicarbonate ions.
    • Oxygen transport uses hemoglobin.

    Internal Respiration

    • Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.
    • Opposite reaction from external respiration.

    Control of Respiration

    • Neural control from the medulla and pons sets the basic breathing rhythm.
    • Chemical factors like CO2 and O2 levels in the blood influence breathing rate and depth.
    • Hyperventilation increases breathing rate, and hypoventilation decreases it.
    • Other factors, including body temperature and emotional status also influence breathing.

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) combines emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
    • Lung cancer is associated with smoking.

    Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

    • Lung development continues after birth to adulthood.

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    Respiratory System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the organs and functional anatomy of the respiratory system, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Learn about the gas exchange process in alveoli and the roles of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of respiratory organs.

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