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Respiratory System Overview
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Respiratory System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following respiratory volumes cannot be measured using a spirometer test?

  • Residual volume (correct)
  • Vital capacity
  • Tidal volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume

    • What is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single breath known as?

  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Vital capacity
  • Tidal volume (correct)

    • What initiates the process of inspiration?

  • The diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract (correct)
  • Intra-alveolar pressure increases
  • The diaphragm moves upward and the external intercostal muscles relax
  • Atmospheric pressure forces air out of the respiratory tract

    • What is the first event that occurs during expiration?

    <p>Elastic tissues of the lungs and thoracic cage recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle that describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as?

    <p>Boyle's law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm called?

    <p>Hiccup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the respiratory control areas located within the body?

    <p>Pons and medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the child unable to hold her breath despite her threat to do so?

    <p>Her CO2 levels would increase, triggering a respiratory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the intensity (volume) of a vocal sound?

    <p>Force of air passing over the vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sinus is illuminated by a flashlight placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room?

    <p>Maxillary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is laryngitis considered a potentially dangerous condition?

    <p>It may obstruct the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most directly associated with laryngitis?

    <p>Loss of voice or a quiet, raspy voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is used to examine the trachea and bronchial tree directly?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the function of the pharynx from that of the larynx?

    <p>Common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the trachea?

    <p>It is comprised of 20 C-shaped cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the respiratory tube branches become smaller in diameter, what change occurs?

    <p>The epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the approximate saturation level of hemoglobin under the specified conditions?

    <p>About 90% saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a minor factor in the regulation of normal respiration?

    <p>Oxygenated blood is more sensitive to CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance affects the pH of blood?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are mainly responsive to changes in which component of blood?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The addition of carbon dioxide to the air inhaled by a patient is done to achieve what effect?

    <p>Increase the rate and depth of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed during hyperventilation regarding blood CO2 and pH levels?

    <p>Decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During moderate physical exercise, how do blood concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide typically change?

    <p>Oxygen decreases and carbon dioxide increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium composes the walls of the alveoli?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to the increase of breathing rate during exercise?

    <p>A joint reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypoxia at high altitude have on the pulmonary blood vessels?

    <p>Vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when capillary pressure becomes too high at high altitudes?

    <p>Fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of atelectasis?

    <p>A collapsed lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tuberculosis, what occurs regarding airflow and alveoli?

    <p>An obstruction blocks airflow to alveoli, which collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause pneumonia?

    <p>Bacteria, viruses, or fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?

    <p>It connects the nasal cavity to the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding carbon monoxide and oxygen?

    <p>Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change in the respiratory system is commonly associated with aging?

    <p>Thickening of the alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health risks are increased due to exposure to secondhand smoke?

    <p>Heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does lung cancer primarily originate?

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are smokers more vulnerable to respiratory infections?

    <p>Loss of cilia in the respiratory passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the lungs as a result of emphysema?

    <p>Degeneration of alveolar walls, reducing surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the greatest danger to the respiratory system during a fire, such as at the World Trade Center site in 2001?

    <p>Very small particles of debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchial asthma is often linked to which of the following?

    <p>Allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an asthma attack, individuals typically find it hardest to perform which action?

    <p>Exhale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
    • The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, pharynx, and larynx and is located outside the thorax.
    • The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli and is located within the thorax.
    • The larynx, often called the voice box, is responsible for sound production.
    • Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx, characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice, caused by infection, acid reflux, or overuse.
    • Bronchoscopy is a procedure to visually examine the trachea and bronchial tree.
    • Trachea, the windpipe, is a flexible tube composed of C-shaped cartilage rings lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
    • The branching of the respiratory tubes becomes smaller and thinner, with the epithelium changing to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.
    • The right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
    • The left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior.
    • The diaphragm is the primary muscle for respiration, contracting during inspiration and relaxing during expiration.
    • The external intercostal muscles contract during inspiration and relax during expiration.
    • During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreasing pressure in the lungs, and drawing air in.
    • During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing pressure in the lungs, and forcing air out.
    • The tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal respiratory cycle.
    • Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation.
    • Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
    • Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.
    • The respiratory areas in the medulla oblongata control the basic rhythm of breathing.
    • The pontine respiratory group in the pons fine-tunes the rhythm of breathing, especially during speech and exercise.
    • The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla oblongata controls the inspiration.
    • The ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla oblongata controls the expiration.
    • The respiratory rhythm is regulated by chemoreceptor and proprioceptor input.
    • Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood carbon dioxide levels, hydrogen ion concentration, and oxygen levels.
    • Proprioceptors in muscles and joints detect movement, triggering an increase in breathing rate during exercise.
    • Hyperventilation leads to a decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH.
    • The alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
    • The respiratory membrane consists of a single layer of epithelial cells and a basement membrane, facilitating diffusion of gases.
    • The alveoli are kept clean by macrophages, removing debris and pathogens.
    • Surfactant, a lipid-protein mixture, reduces surface tension in the alveoli preventing collapse.
    • Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange.
    • Bronchial asthma is characterized by inflammation and bronchoconstriction triggered by allergens or irritants.
    • Atelectasis refers to a collapsed lung, caused by blockage or pressure, leading to reduced gas exchange.
    • Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that leads to the formation of fibrous connective tissue around the sites of infection, impairing lung function.
    • Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue, often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveoli.
    • Secondhand smoke can increase the risk of heart diseases, lung cancer, and low birth weight.
    • Lung cancer usually originates in epithelial cells of the airways.
    • Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections due to the loss of cilia in the airways, hindering the removal of bacteria.
    • High altitude hypoxia, low oxygen availability at high altitudes, causes vasoconstriction of pulmonary blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and risking pulmonary edema.

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