Respiratory System Overview

To carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

False (B)

<p>The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphragm flattens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remove CO2 from blood (B), Replenish blood oxygen supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atmospheric pressure, alveolar pressure, pulmonary artery pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bound to hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The release of oxygen from hemoglobin due to increased carbon dioxide in the blood, causing higher acidity and blood temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition characterized by a lower than normal hemoglobin content in the blood, resulting in reduced oxygen carrying capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binds to hemoglobin (B), Dissolves in plasma (C), Becomes bicarbonate ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During rest, the difference is lower because there is less oxygen consumption. During exercise, the difference is higher because more oxygen is being used by the muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla oblongata (A), Pons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reflex that prevents overstretching of the lungs during inspiration by triggering exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A maneuver that involves taking a deep breath before performing a heavy lift. It is not advised for individuals with heart disease or older adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body mass (KG) divided by height squared (M2). It does not account for muscle mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relative proportions of fat-free mass and fat mass in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential fat is necessary for life, while stored fat is excess fat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25-29%, 30-34%, 35-39% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood Pressure Measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where a woman experiences an eating disorder, menstrual dysfunction, and osteoporosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperventilation is an increase in ventilation rate, often occurring at higher altitudes due to the lower oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where blood pH rises due to hyperventilation and the loss of excess carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid buildup in the lungs due to vasoconstriction and clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid buildup in the intercranial space, causing pressure on the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central chemoreceptors are located in the brain and detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body increases its production of red blood cells, leading to more hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat of the body, receiving input from thermoreceptors and initiating responses to maintain core temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin, central thermoreceptors in the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased metabolism through the release of hormones like thyroxine leads to increased heat production, while cooling mechanisms involve releasing hormones to decrease metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood volume and reduced cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone and ADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart cannot provide enough blood flow to both the skin for cooling and the muscles for exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The release of ADH and aldosterone leads to increased sodium reabsorption, resulting in less sodium in sweat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow shifts to internal organs, and muscles shiver, increasing metabolic heat production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat cramps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue, rapid pulse, weakness, and low blood flow to the skin and muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heatstroke is the most severe form, and it requires rapid whole-body cooling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercising in the middle of the day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body lowers its core temperature, changes its sweat rate, and alters the composition of sweat to improve heat tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral vasoconstriction (A), Muscle shivering (B), Behavioral adaptations (C), Non-shivering thermogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body's ability to maintain core temperature with less heat loss after repeated exposure to cold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat provides insulation and helps maintain core temperature, making individuals with higher fat mass better equipped to tolerate cold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced muscle function and power, as well as decreased metabolic heat production as fatigue sets in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ergogenic aid is a substance or method that enhances performance, such as a football glove or homefield advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ergolytic aid is a substance or method that decreases performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The placebo effect is a physiological response influenced by expectations. It is controlled using double-blind trials in research to ensure that neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is receiving the placebo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased energy, faster responses, increased fat metabolism, addictive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The substance must meet two of the following criteria: enhanced sport benefit, potential to harm the athlete, and violates the spirit of sport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphetamines are stimulants that can suppress appetite, combat fatigue, and improve performance. However, they can cause death, cardiac arrhythmia, and dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HGH promotes fat burning, muscle growth, and bone development, but it can lead to acromegaly, cardiomyopathy, and other adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretics promote weight loss by increasing fluid excretion, but they can cause electrolyte imbalance and potentially fatal cardiac arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood doping involves increasing the number of red blood cells to enhance oxygen carrying capacity. However, it can lead to blood clots, bloodborne diseases, and other complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolic steroids promote muscle growth and recovery by increasing protein synthesis, but they can cause excess estrogen, reduced sperm count, masculine features in women, and cardiovascular problems, including heart attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite fluctuations in the external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

To carry oxygen (O2) to the body and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body.

1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): air in and out of lungs. 2. Pulmonary diffusion (external respiration): O2 from lungs to blood, CO2 from blood to lungs. 3. Gas transport: O2 and CO2 carried in blood. 4. Capillary diffusion (internal respiration): O2 from blood to tissues, CO2 from tissues to blood.

Training at higher altitudes (less oxygen) may increase anaerobic threshold, but research has not proven any significant performance advantage.

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is more soluble than oxygen (O2).

Air travels through the nose, nasal conchae, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and finally to the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs).

The diaphragm muscle flattens during inspiration, increasing the volume of the chest cavity, leading to air flowing into the lungs.

It replenishes the oxygen supply in your blood and removes carbon dioxide from your blood.

Atmospheric pressure is the highest, followed by alveolar pressure and lastly, pulmonary artery pressure is the lowest.

98% of oxygen is carried in blood bound to hemoglobin, while 2% is dissolved in plasma.

Hemoglobin releases more oxygen due to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in blood, causing higher acidity and blood temperature.

A condition with lower than normal hemoglobin content in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen carrying capacity.

Carbon dioxide is transported in blood in three ways: bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma, and as bicarbonate ions.

Difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood; increases with exercise, indicates more oxygen is being used by the muscles.

These are located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brainstem, which control breathing rate and depth.

A protective mechanism that prevents overstretching of the lungs during inspiration.

Inhaling deeply and holding your breath before a heavy lift, not harmful unless you have heart disease or are elderly.

Body mass index (BMI) is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. It does not account for muscle mass.

The proportions of fat-free mass (muscle, bone, water) and fat in your body, which influences your metabolism.

Essential fat is necessary for life, while stored fat is excess fat.

Muscle is denser than fat, so two people with the same weight can have different body compositions.

Overweight: BMI 25-29%. Obesity Class 1: BMI 30-34%. Obesity Class 2: BMI 35-39%.

Methods include DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), hydrostatic weighing, bod pod (air displacement plethysmography), skinfold calipers, and bioelectrical impedance analysis.

A combination of disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and osteoporosis, common in female athletes.

At higher altitudes, the body adapts by: increased pulmonary ventilation (breathing harder), decreased plasma volume (less fluid in blood), increased red blood cell production (more oxygen carrying capacity), increased cardiac output (heart working harder), increased basal metabolic rate (burning more energy), faster dehydration, and decreased appetite.

Increased breathing rate at higher altitude to compensate for lower oxygen levels

A condition where blood pH rises due to excessive carbon dioxide loss during hyperventilation.

The least severe high altitude sickness, with symptoms lasting 2-3 days.

A serious condition where fluid leaks into the lungs, caused by vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and blood clots. Requires immediate medical attention.

A life-threatening condition where fluid builds up in the cranial cavity (brain). Requires immediate medical attention.