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Questions and Answers
What structures are included in the upper respiratory system?
What structures are included in the upper respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Which bony structure is NOT part of the bony framework of the nose?
Which bony structure is NOT part of the bony framework of the nose?
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What is the shape of the arytenoid cartilages?
What is the shape of the arytenoid cartilages?
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What is the function of the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
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Where does the trachea bifurcate into the primary bronchi?
Where does the trachea bifurcate into the primary bronchi?
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What characterizes the left primary bronchus compared to the right primary bronchus?
What characterizes the left primary bronchus compared to the right primary bronchus?
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Which type of cells are NOT found in the tracheal epithelium?
Which type of cells are NOT found in the tracheal epithelium?
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What is the apex of the lung?
What is the apex of the lung?
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What is the location of the pleura in relation to the lungs?
What is the location of the pleura in relation to the lungs?
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What type of epithelium lines the primary bronchi?
What type of epithelium lines the primary bronchi?
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What does high lung compliance indicate?
What does high lung compliance indicate?
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Which factor primarily affects lung compliance?
Which factor primarily affects lung compliance?
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How does surfactant affect surface tension in the alveoli?
How does surfactant affect surface tension in the alveoli?
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What is the result of high surface tension in the lungs?
What is the result of high surface tension in the lungs?
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What happens to lung compliance when lung tissue is destroyed?
What happens to lung compliance when lung tissue is destroyed?
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Which statement about airway resistance is correct?
Which statement about airway resistance is correct?
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What effect does surfactant have on muscular effort during inspiration?
What effect does surfactant have on muscular effort during inspiration?
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Which condition can decrease airway diameter and increase resistance?
Which condition can decrease airway diameter and increase resistance?
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What happens to the lung's tendency to collapse without surfactant?
What happens to the lung's tendency to collapse without surfactant?
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What is the primary function of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
What is the primary function of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
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What happens during the process of inspiration?
What happens during the process of inspiration?
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What type of bronchus is formed from the right primary bronchus?
What type of bronchus is formed from the right primary bronchus?
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Which structure primarily initiates pulmonary ventilation?
Which structure primarily initiates pulmonary ventilation?
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What is not a feature of external respiration?
What is not a feature of external respiration?
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Which layer is not part of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
Which layer is not part of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
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What occurs during expiration?
What occurs during expiration?
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Which statement best describes internal respiration?
Which statement best describes internal respiration?
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What is the main role of tertiary bronchi?
What is the main role of tertiary bronchi?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood.
- This system is divided into two parts: upper and lower.
Upper Respiratory System
- Components: Nose, pharynx (throat), and associated structures.
- Function: Warming, moisturizing, and filtering inhaled air.
Lower Respiratory System
-
Includes: conducting portion and respiratory portion.
-
Conducting portion: Series of tubes and cavities that filter, warm, and moisten air whilst carrying it to the lungs
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
-
Respiratory portion: Tissues within the lungs facilitating gas exchange.
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
Bony Framework
- The respiratory system's bony framework includes:
- Frontal bone
- Nasal bones
- Maxillae
Cartilaginous Framework
- The cartilaginous framework comprises numerous cartilages, including those of the nose, larynx, and trachea. (Specific cartilage types are detailed in the text).
The Nose: External and Internal Portions
- External portion: composed primarily of bones and cartilages.
- Internal portion: large air-filled cavities in the skull.
- Connected internally to the pharynx.
- Includes the paranasal sinuses.
Paired Laryngeal Cartilages
- Include arytenoid cartilages, cornuculate cartilages and cuneiform cartilages.
- Located superior to the cricoid cartilage, and aid in vocal cord movement
- Associated with the production of sound.
The Pleura
- The pleural membrane surrounds the lungs and covers the thoracic cavity.
- The visceral pleura adheres to the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the chest cavity.
- The pleural cavity is the space between these two membranes, which contains fluid to reduce friction.
The Lungs
- Paired cone-shaped organs extending from the diaphragm to a point superior to the clavicles.
- Base (inferior portion): concave surface resting on the diaphragm.
- Apex (superior portion): Narrow superior region.
- Hilus (mediastinal surface): Slit where bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and leave.
The Trachea
- Tubular passageway about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter.
- Located anterior to the esophagus.
- Divides into the right and left primary bronchi at the sternal angle.
- Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells.
The Bronchi
- The trachea divides into two primary bronchi.
- The right primary bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left one.
Lung Lobes and Fissures
- Both lungs have an oblique fissure, while the right lung additionally has a horizontal fissure.
- These fissures divide the lungs into lobes, each supplied by a lobar bronchus (lobe-specific branch).
Exchange Mechanism (Alveolar-Capillary Membrane):
- Gas exchange between the lungs and blood occurs across the thin alveolar-capillary membrane, about 0.5 micrometers thick.
- This membrane is composed of squamous pulmonary epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and capillary endothelial cells.
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Breathing, also known as pulmonary ventilation, is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- Involves pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the lungs, enabling inspiration and expiration.
Lung Compliance and Surfactant
- Lung compliance reflects the ease with which the lungs expand.
- Surfactant is a substance produced by alveolar cells that reduces surface tension within the alveoli, which improves lung compliance.
Airway Resistance
- The resistance to airflow in the airways depends on factors including the pressure gradient and the diameter of the airways.
Regulation of Respiration
- The respiratory centre in the brain regulates breathing rate and depth, adjusting to changes in blood CO2, O2, and pH levels.
- Chemical and other (non-chemical) signals coordinate this process involving the inspiratory, expiratory, apneustic, and pneumotaxic areas.
- Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) help detect arterial blood gas levels to modify respiration pace.
Fate of Oxygen in the Blood
- Oxygen transport in the blood depends on the amount of oxygen entering the lungs, efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange, blood flow to tissues and the blood's capacity to carry oxygen.
Fate of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
- Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in several forms: dissolved in plasma, in chemical combination with blood constituents, and as bicarbonate ions.
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of the respiratory system. It includes details about the upper and lower respiratory systems, their components, and the frameworks that support them. Test your knowledge on how the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange and maintains vital functions.
