Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

  • To facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • To disperse hormones throughout the body
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To provide oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide (correct)

    • Which process describes gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere?

  • Internal respiration
  • External respiration
  • Pulmonary ventilation (correct)
  • Transport

    • What role do the respiratory centers in the brain play?

  • Regulating blood pH levels
  • Regulating the process of respiration (correct)
  • Monitoring body temperature
  • Controlling heart rate

    • What is the correct sequence of processes involved in respiration?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect breathing?

    <p>Environmental pressure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms associated with rhinitis?

    <p>Runny nose and sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines sinusitis?

    <p>Swollen or inflamed lining with excess mucus due to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three regions of the pharynx?

    <p>Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is commonly known as the 'Adam's apple'?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the hyoid bone?

    <p>It floats and is not directly connected to other bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT attributed to the respiratory system?

    <p>Producing hormones for metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the pharynx?

    <p>To protect against pathogens and facilitate mucous movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about rhinitis is true?

    <p>Symptoms can include nasal stuffiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main processes involved in respiration?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibiotic therapy primarily targets the conductive zone in the respiratory system?

    <p>Inhalation antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can compromise respiratory functions?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium lines the narrower bronchioles in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do goblet cells play in the respiratory system?

    <p>Secreting mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the ciliated columnar epithelium in the nose and nasal cavity?

    <p>Removing contaminated mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers sneezing in the respiratory system?

    <p>Sensitive mucosa reacting to irritating particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much mucus do goblet cells secrete daily in the nasal cavity?

    <p>1 liter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of the respiratory system?

    <p>To filter inspired air of foreign matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is involved in the production of sound?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the trachea help prevent foreign substances from entering the lungs?

    <p>By using cilia for filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the C-shaped cartilage in the trachea?

    <p>To prevent airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the trachea is lined with mucus-secreting goblet cells?

    <p>Inner layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the ligaments in the larynx when males reach puberty?

    <p>They become thicker and longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Eustachian tubes in relation to the respiratory system?

    <p>To equalize pressure in the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the trachea is primarily responsible for enclosing the cartilage?

    <p>Outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ciliated cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>To push mucus upwards towards the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ciliated cells as a result of smoking?

    <p>They are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nerve endings in the larynx play in the cough reflex?

    <p>They stimulate coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in dilating airways during the sympathetic response?

    <p>B2-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the transition from the trachea to the bronchi?

    <p>Changes in cartilage support structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by increased thickness of the mucus gland layer in the bronchus?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the diameter of bronchioles compare to that of the trachea and bronchi?

    <p>Much smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic nerves on the airway diameter?

    <p>They decrease airway diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • Respiratory system is a network of organs that supports gas exchange for breathing.
    • Gas exchange occurs between lungs and atmosphere, lungs and blood, and blood and tissues.
    • The system is regulated by respiratory centers.

    Respiratory Tract

    • Trachea is supported by C-shaped cartilage to avoid obstruction of the airway when head and neck move.

    Epithelial Lining

    • The nasal vestibule is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
    • The upper respiratory tract is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
    • The narrower bronchioles are lined by cuboidal epithelium.
    • Alveoli are composed of type I and type II alveolar cells.

    Nose and Nasal Cavity

    • The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium to remove contaminated mucus.
    • Goblet cells secrete mucus with lysozyme and defensins.
    • Rhinitis is a condition with a runny nose, sneezing, and nasal stuffiness, caused by allergy or non-allergy triggers.

    Sinuses

    • Sinusitis is a condition caused by swollen or inflamed lining and excess mucus due to infection.

    Pharynx

    • Pharynx, also known as throat, is a funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle connecting to the nasal cavity and mouth, and larynx and esophagus.
    • The pharynx is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
    • The pharynx is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

    Larynx

    • Larynx connects to the hyoid bone and opens into laryngopharynx.
    • It's a continuous structure with the trachea.
    • Vocal folds vibrate to produce sound, and are longer and thicker in males during puberty.

    Tonsils

    • Tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx.
    • They filter airborne pathogens.

    Trachea

    • Trachea is composed of 3 layers: inner, middle, and outer.
    • The inner layer is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells.
    • The middle layer is composed of C-shaped cartilage and smooth muscle.
    • The outer layer is fibrous and elastic tissue enclosing the cartilage.

    Functions of the Trachea

    • Cartilage supports the trachea and prevents obstruction of the airway.
    • Ciliated cells push mucus upwards towards larynx where it's either swallowed or coughed up.
    • Cough reflex is stimulated by irritation in the region, sending impulse to the respiratory center, causing coughing.
    • Trachea warms, humidifies, and filters air.

    Autonomic Innervation of the Airway Tract

    • Smooth muscle in the trachea is innervated by neurons from the autonomic nervous system.
    • Sympathetic nerves (fight-or-flight) stimulate B2-adrenergic receptors and dilate airways.
    • Parasympathetic nerves (rest-and-digest) stimulate muscarinic receptors and decrease airway diameter.

    Bronchus

    • Bronchi (singular bronchus) connect to the trachea.
    • Bronchi walls contain less goblet cells than trachea.
    • Amount of smooth muscle increases in the bronchi.

    Chronic Bronchitis

    • Chronic bronchitis is caused by increased thickness of mucus gland layer of bronchus, airway inflammation, and productive cough.

    Bronchioles

    • Bronchioles are smaller airways branching off from the bronchi.
    • They are mostly composed of smooth muscle and lack cartilage.
    • Bronchioles have a diameter of 1 mm or less.
    • The smooth muscle layer is sensitive to various chemical and physical stimuli.

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    NFNF3613 Respiratory System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the various aspects of the respiratory system, including gas exchange, respiratory tract structures, and the epithelial lining of the airways. Learn about the functions of the nasal cavity, sinuses, and conditions affecting respiration. Test your knowledge on key concepts of the respiratory system.

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