Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What structure covers the glottis to prevent fluids from entering the trachea?

  • Epiglottis (correct)
  • Vocal folds
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage

Which part of the pharynx is located superior to the soft palate?

  • Oropharynx
  • Pharyngeal tonsil
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Nasopharynx (correct)

What is the primary function of the nasal conchae in the nasal cavity?

  • To prevent ingested materials from entering the trachea
  • To create a pathway for vocalization
  • To support the bridge of the nose
  • To warm and humidify the air (correct)

Which structure is primarily responsible for producing sound for speech?

<p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the 'true vocal cords' control to impact vocal range?

<p>The tension and opening of rima glottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory tract is lined with C-shaped cartilaginous rings?

<p>Trachea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily located inferior to the hyoid bone?

<p>Laryngopharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?

<p>To lighten the bones and enhance resonance of sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does peristalsis play in the digestive system?

<p>It rhythmically contracts to push the bolus through the digestive tract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the stomach aids in mixing contents and mechanical digestion?

<p>Inner circular layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

<p>The mixture of gastric acid and bolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

<p>Jejunum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the appendix?

<p>Appendicitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a low-fiber diet in relation to the colon?

<p>Diverticulosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the large intestine is involved in water absorption and feces formation?

<p>Descending colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does heartburn occur?

<p>Excess gastric acid refluxes into the esophagus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of jaundice?

<p>Yellowing of the skin and eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?

<p>Prevent backflow from the large intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver?

<p>Filtration of toxins from the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

<p>Pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bile in digestion?

<p>Emulsifies fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which duct carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum?

<p>Common bile duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

<p>Falciform ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of teeth are primarily used for crushing and grinding?

<p>Molars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of saliva aids in the breakdown of food?

<p>Digestive enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the pharynx is involved in both respiratory and digestive functions?

<p>Oropharynx (A), Laryngopharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism prevents food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?

<p>Epiglottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is most active in producing saliva?

<p>Submandibular gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle primarily composes the esophagus?

<p>Both skeletal and smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the absorption of most nutrients predominantly occur within the GI tract?

<p>Jejunum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the periodontal ligament?

<p>Anchors teeth into the bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for the movement of food through the esophagus?

<p>Peristalsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>To prevent alveolar collapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are primarily responsible for rapid gas diffusion in the alveoli?

<p>Alveolar type I cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of underdeveloped surfactant-producing cells in newborns?

<p>Alveolar collapse leading to IRDS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes bronchitis symptoms?

<p>Heavy mucous discharge and persistent cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of breathing does thoracic cavity volume primarily affect?

<p>Intrapulmonary pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes forced exhalation from normal exhalation?

<p>Use of abdominal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is found in the left lung but not in the right lung?

<p>Cardiac notch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total lung capacity formula expressed in terms of its components?

<p>TLC = VC + RV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory disorder is characterized by alveoli becoming brittle and rupturing?

<p>Emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk factor for developing asthma?

<p>Exposure to cigarette smoke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which type of breathing is the diaphragm primarily engaged?

<p>Quiet breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does eupnea refer to in respiratory physiology?

<p>Relaxed breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does internal respiration occur?

<p>Between blood and body cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by excessive build-up of fluid in the alveoli?

<p>Pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nasal Cavity

Internal space of the nose; air enters and is filtered, warmed, and humidified.

Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled cavities inside bones, which lighten them and resonate speech.

Larynx

Voice box; passageway for air and prevents food from entering the airways during swallowing.

Epiglottis

Cartilage flap that covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.

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Vocal Folds

Structures within the larynx that produce sound by vibration when air passes through them.

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Trachea

Windpipe; a tube that carries air to the lungs.

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Bronchi

Part of the respiratory tract that branches from the trachea into each lung.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

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Bronchial Tree

The branching system of tubes in the lungs that carries air from the trachea to the alveoli.

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Alveolar Type I Cells

Thin, squamous epithelial cells forming the walls of alveoli for rapid gas diffusion.

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Alveolar Type II Cells

Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant, preventing alveolar collapse.

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Pulmonary Surfactant

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse.

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External Respiration

Gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood in the lungs.

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Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between the blood and the body cells.

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Tidal Volume

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal, quiet breath.

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Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during a single breath.

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IRV

The volume of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal breath.

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ERV

The volume of air that can be exhaled beyond a normal breath.

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Residual Volume

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

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Pulmonary Ventilation

The process of breathing, involving the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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Eupnea

Normal, quiet breathing.

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Peristalsis in Digestion

Rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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Mechanical Digestion (Stomach)

Physical breakdown of food by squeezing and mixing in the stomach, aided by 3 layers of stomach muscles contracting in different directions.

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Chemical Digestion (Stomach)

Breakdown of food using acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl) to turn food into chyme.

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Chyme

A semisolid mixture of food and gastric acid from the stomach.

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Small Intestine's role

Finishes chemical digestion and absorbs nutrients.

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Duodenum

First part of the small intestine, receiving bile and pancreatic secretions.

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Large Intestine function

Absorbs water, compacts waste, and forms feces.

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Taeniae coli

Muscle bands in the large intestine that create sacs called haustra.

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Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, often needing surgical removal.

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Jaundice

Yellowing of skin and eyes due to high bilirubin levels.

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Serosa

The outermost layer of the digestive tract, connecting it to surrounding tissues.

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GI Tract

The continuous tube encompassing the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.

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Accessory Digestive Organs

Organs that aid digestion but aren't part of the GI tract, like teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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Liver Function

Filters toxins, breaks down old red blood cells, produces bile, and has significant blood flow.

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Liver Location

Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

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Hepatic Portal Vein

Carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract to the liver.

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Hepatic Artery

Provides oxygen-rich blood to the liver.

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Gallbladder Function

Stores and concentrates bile for fat digestion in the small intestine.

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Biliary Apparatus

A network of ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

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Pancreas Exocrine Function

Produces pancreatic juice/enzymes for digestion.

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Pancreas Endocrine Function

Produces and secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon.

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Hard Palate

The bony anterior portion of the palate.

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Soft Palate

The posterior, muscular portion of the palate.

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Esophageal Sphincters

Ring-like muscles at the top and bottom of the esophagus that regulate the passage of food.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

  • Airflow path: Nares → vestibule → nasal cavity → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → bronchi (1, 2, 3) → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs (alveoli) → pulmonary capillaries (O2 → CO2 exchange, reversed path for CO2)

Nose and Nasal Cavity

  • Nares (nostrils): Entry points for air.
  • Nasal bones and cartilage: Form the nose's bridge.
  • Vestibule: Entrance area to the nose.
  • Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior): Increase air turbulence for efficient cleaning.

Paranasal Sinuses

  • Air-filled spaces in skull bones, making bones lighter.

Pharynx (Throat)

  • Nasopharynx: Posterior to nasal cavity, superior to soft palate. Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).
  • Oropharynx: Bounded by soft palate & hyoid bone, houses palatine and lingual tonsils.
  • Laryngopharynx: Inferior to hyoid bone, superior to esophagus.

Larynx (Voice Box)

  • Epiglottis: Spoon-shaped cartilage preventing swallowed material from entering the trachea during swallowing; covers glottis.
  • Functions: Airway passage, prevents food entry, sound production, cough/sneeze reflex.
  • Thyroid cartilage: Largest, superior, Adam's apple (prominent in males).
  • Cricoid cartilage: Inferior to thyroid cartilage.
  • Vocal folds (true vocal cords): Create sound via air vibration through the rima glottis (opening between vocal folds).
  • Pitch: Determined by vocal fold tension.
  • Loudness: Determined by air force through vocal folds.

Trachea (Windpipe)

  • Anterior to the esophagus.
  • Supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

Bronchial Tree

  • Trachea branches into right and left main bronchi, further branching forming a bronchial tree.
  • Bronchioles: No cartilage, smooth muscle.
  • Bronchi (1, 2, 3): Contain cartilage.
  • Terminal bronchioles: End of conducting pathway.

Respiratory Portion

  • Alveolar ducts: Lead to alveolar sacs.
  • Alveolar sacs: Clusters of alveoli.
  • Alveoli: Tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs; surrounded by pulmonary capillaries.

Alveoli Details

  • Type I alveolar cells: Simple squamous epithelium for rapid gas diffusion.
  • Type II alveolar cells: Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.
  • Respiratory membrane: Thin wall between alveolar lumen and gas exchange.
  • Pulmonary surfactant: Crucial for preventing alveolar collapse, especially in infants (IRDS).

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

  • External respiration: Atmospheric air to blood.
  • Internal respiration: Blood to body cells.
  • Inhalation: Increased thoracic volume, decreased intrapulmonary pressure, air flows into lungs.
  • Exhalation: Decreased thoracic volume, increased intrapulmonary pressure, air flows out of lungs.

Muscles of Breathing

  • Quiet breathing: Diaphragm and external intercostals.
  • Forced breathing: Additional muscles (internal intercostals, accessory muscles).

Respiratory System Disorders

  • Smoking: Significant decreased life expectancy. Damages respiratory system structures.
  • Common cold: Upper respiratory tract viral infection.
  • Pneumonia: Bacterial or viral infection causing fluid in alveoli.
  • Bronchitis: Infection of bronchi causing mucus production.
  • Asthma: Compromised airflow due to inflammation, mucous secretion, and bronchoconstriction.
  • Emphysema: Alveoli damage and rupture.
  • Pulmonary fibrosis: Fibrous tissue formation in lungs, reducing elasticity.

Lungs

  • Visceral pleura: Lung surface
  • Parietal pleura: Outer lung surface
  • Pleura cavity: Space between visceral and parietal pleura
  • Lobes and fissures: Divisions in lungs (right 3 lobes, left 2).
  • Bronchopulmonary segments: Subdivisions of lobes with independent functions.

Lung Volumes and Capacities

  • Tidal volume (TV): Volume of air per breath.
  • Vital capacity (VC): Maximum amount of air moved in one breath.
  • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Inhale extra volume after a normal breath.
  • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Exhale extra volume after a normal breath.
  • Residual volume (RV): Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.

Respiratory System Disorder Definitions (Brief)

  • Common cold- Viral upper respiratory infection, self-limiting.
  • Pneumonia- Alveolar fluid accumulation, bacterial or viral.
  • Bronchitis- Bronchial inflammation.
  • Asthma- Bronchial spasms.
  • Emphysema- Alveoli damage and overinflation.
  • Pulmonary fibrosis- Lung scarring.

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Explore the intricate pathways and structures of the respiratory system through this quiz. Test your knowledge on the airflow path, the anatomy of the nose and nasal cavity, the workings of the pharynx, and the larynx. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology.

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