Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

  • To enhance the sense of smell
  • To lighten the skull (correct)
  • To filter harmful particles from air
  • To produce hormones

Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Hard palate (correct)
  • Soft palate

What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

  • To route food into the esophagus (correct)
  • To create a vacuum for air intake
  • To assist in breathing
  • To initiate the digestive process

Which region of the pharynx is primarily responsible for air passage?

<p>Nasopharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of the soft palate compared to the hard palate?

<p>Unsupported (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily enables oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to enter the alveoli?

<p>Diffusion across the respiratory membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT a role of surfactant in the respiratory system?

<p>Transporting carbon dioxide in the bloodstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event in respiration involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary ventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

<p>Protecting by removing debris and pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes external respiration from internal respiration?

<p>It occurs between alveoli and blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of patients with chronic bronchitis?

<p>Patients are typically referred to as 'blue bloaters' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes emphysema?

<p>Alveoli walls are destroyed leading to overinflation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of lung cancer?

<p>Smoking tobacco (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in patients with respiratory acidosis due to COPD?

<p>They retain carbon dioxide in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung cancer is characterized by rapid metastasis?

<p>Small cell lung carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the bronchi?

<p>The right bronchus is wider and straighter than the left (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity?

<p>It decreases friction during breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes are present in the left lung of the human body?

<p>Two lobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the walls of the alveoli?

<p>Simple squamous epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a conduit to and from the respiratory zone?

<p>Bronchioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the main bronchi enter the lung?

<p>At the hilum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary capillaries in relation to the alveoli?

<p>To form the air-blood barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure plays a protective role by routing food and air appropriately in the body?

<p>Epiglottis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pharyngotympanic tubes?

<p>Drain the middle ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tonsils are located at the base of the tongue?

<p>Lingual tonsils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major role of the ciliated mucosa lining the trachea?

<p>To trap and expel debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage forms the prominent structure often referred to as the Adam's apple?

<p>Thyroid cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

<p>To exchange gases between the blood and external environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the glottis composed of?

<p>The vocal cords and the opening between them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

<p>In the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system includes the trachea?

<p>Lower respiratory tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cilia in the respiratory system due to smoking?

<p>They get damaged (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of respiratory mucosa found in the nasal cavity?

<p>To chemically destroy bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes conchae?

<p>They increase the surface area and air turbulence in the nasal cavity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of warming incoming air in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate optimal gas exchange in the alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is primarily responsible for the purification of incoming air?

<p>Nasal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What divides the nasal cavity into two parts?

<p>Nasal septum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the upper respiratory tract?

<p>It consists of passageways from the nose to the larynx. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

External Respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the alveoli; oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

Internal Respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body; oxygen leaves the blood and enters the cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the cells and enters the blood.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Includes all passageways above the larynx, including the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Includes all passageways below the larynx, including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

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Conchae

Projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that increase surface area and air turbulence.

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Respiratory Mucosa

The lining of the nasal cavity that moistens air, traps foreign particles, and destroys bacteria.

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Nose

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system.

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Nasal Cavity

The interior of the nose divided by the nasal septum.

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What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

The palate is a structure separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

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What makes up the hard palate?

The hard palate is the front part of the palate and is made of bone.

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What makes up the soft palate?

Soft palate is the back part of the palate and is made of soft tissue.

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Where are the paranasal sinuses located?

Paranasal sinuses are cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity.

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What's another name for the pharynx?

The pharynx, or throat, is a muscular passageway connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx.

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Pharyngotympanic Tubes (Eustachian Tubes)

Tubes that connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx, allowing for pressure equalization and drainage of fluid.

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Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)

Lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx, responsible for trapping pathogens and aiding in immune defense.

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Palatine Tonsils

Lymphatic tissue found in the oropharynx, near the soft palate, contributing to immune defense.

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Lingual Tonsils

Lymphatic tissue located at the base of the tongue, playing a role in immune defense.

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Larynx (Voice Box)

The structure in the throat that connects the pharynx to the trachea, responsible for air passage and sound production.

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Epiglottis

A lid-like flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering the respiratory system.

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Vocal Folds (True Vocal Cords)

Folds of tissue within the larynx that vibrate with expelled air to produce sound.

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Trachea (Windpipe)

Structure that connects the larynx to the lungs, responsible for conducting air to and from the lungs.

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Main Bronchi

The main airways that branch off the trachea and lead into the lungs.

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Hilum

The point where the bronchus enters the lung.

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Right vs. Left Bronchus

The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left bronchus.

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Bronchial Tree

The network of branching passageways, starting with the main bronchi, that deliver air to the lungs.

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Bronchioles

The smallest conducting passageways in the bronchial tree.

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Alveoli

The only site of gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

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Respiratory Membrane

The thin membrane that separates air in the alveoli from blood in the capillaries, allowing gas exchange.

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Pleural Fluid

The fluid that fills the space between the two layers of pleura, allowing the lungs to glide smoothly during breathing.

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Alveolar Macrophages

Specialized cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris in the alveoli.

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Surfactant

A lipid molecule that coats the surface of alveoli, reducing surface tension and allowing them to easily open and fill with air.

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Pulmonary Ventilation

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs, also known as breathing.

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Chronic Bronchitis

A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by inflammation and excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory tract, leading to airflow obstruction and difficulty breathing.

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Emphysema

A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls, leading to enlarged air spaces and reduced lung elasticity.

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Asthma

A condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe.

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Respiratory Failure

A condition in which the lungs lose their ability to effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, leading to low blood oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels.

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Lung Cancer

A serious type of cancer that originates in the lungs, often caused by smoking and can spread to other parts of the body.

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Study Notes

Key Words

  • Ventilation
  • Sinus
  • Bronchus
  • Respiratory membrane
  • Diaphragm
  • Internal respiration
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Diffusion
  • Trachea
  • Surfactant
  • Alveolus
  • External respiration
  • Respiratory mucosa
  • Pleura

Learning Objectives

  • Define key terminology related to the respiratory system
  • Name components of the respiratory system and describe their anatomical and physiological features
  • Describe how air is modified as it enters the respiratory system
  • Know the location and functions of the three regions of the pharynx
  • Describe the structure and function of the epiglottis
  • Describe the structure and function of the lungs at the gross and microscopic (alveolar) levels
  • Describe pressure and volume changes during pulmonary ventilation (expiration and inspiration)
  • Understand the neural regulation of respiration
  • Understand the non-neural factors that affect respiration
  • Describe alveolar gas exchange via the respiratory membrane and its structure
  • Describe the makeup and function of surfactant
  • Define and discuss internal and external respiration

Organs of the Respiratory System

  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs (alveoli)

Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

  • Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
  • Upper respiratory tract = passageways from nose to larynx
  • Lower respiratory tract = passageways from trachea to alveoli
  • Air purification, humidification, and warming occur in the passageways

The Nose

  • Only externally visible part of the respiratory system
  • Nostrils (nares) are the entry points
  • Nasal cavity is the interior space
  • Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity
  • Olfactory receptors allow for smell
  • Respiratory mucosa moistens and warms air and filters particles

The Nose (cont.)

  • Conchae are projections from the lateral walls, increasing surface area for air turbulence
  • Turbulence aids in warming, humidification, and filtering inhaled air
  • Palatine and hard palate separate nasal from oral cavity

The Pharynx

  • Commonly called the throat
  • Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx
  • Three regions:
    • Nasopharynx
    • Oropharynx
    • Laryngopharynx
  • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
  • Epiglottis prevents food from entering airways

The Larynx

  • Commonly called the voice box
  • Routes air and food into proper channels (along with role in speech)
  • Composed of rigid hyaline cartilages (including thyroid cartilage - Adam's apple)
  • Epiglottis a spoon-shaped flap that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing

The Trachea

  • Commonly called the windpipe
  • 4-inch long tube connecting to the larynx
  • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage keep it open
  • Lined with ciliated mucosa
  • Cilia move mucus upward to expel debris

The Main Bronchi

  • Formed by division of the trachea
  • Right bronchus wider and straighter than left; easier for objects to lodge there
  • Enter lung at the hilum (medial depression)

The Lungs

  • Occupy thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
  • Apex near the clavicle (superior) and base rests on the diaphragm
  • Right lung has 3 lobes; Left lung has 2 lobes
  • Serosa (pulmonary and parietal pleura) surrounds each lung, reducing friction during breathing

Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane

  • Terminal bronchioles lead to alveoli (site for gas exchange)
  • Alveoli are air sacs with thin walls made of simple squamous epithelium
  • Pulmonary capillaries cover the external surfaces of alveoli
  • Respiratory membrane is the air-blood barrier formed by the alveolar and capillary walls (where gas exchange occurs through diffusion)

Alveolar Macrophages

  • Also called dust cells
  • Protect by picking up debris
  • Keep alveoli clean

Respiratory Physiology

  • Four events of respiration:
    • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
    • External respiration
    • Respiratory gas transport
    • Internal respiration

Mechanics of Breathing

  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Two distinct phases: inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)
  • Volume changes in the thoracic cavity create corresponding pressure changes. Air moves from high to low pressure

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

  • Factors affecting respiratory capacity (size, sex, age, physical condition)

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

  • Coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawning

External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration

  • Gas exchange via diffusion

  • External respiration is gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary blood

  • Internal respiration is gas exchange between pulmonary blood and tissue cells

Gas Transport in the Blood

  • Oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
  • Small percentage dissolves in plasma
  • Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Internal Respiration

  • Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells

Control of Respiration

  • Neural regulation sets basic rhythm for breathing
  • Respiratory rate is set up via control centers in the medulla and pons
  • Normal rate is 12-15 respirations per minute

Non-neural factors affecting respiratory rate and depth

  • Physical factors
  • Chemical factors: CO2 levels
  • Chemical factors: Oxygen levels

Respiratory Disorders

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Lung cancer

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

  • Lungs do not inflate fully until 2 weeks after birth
  • Respiratory rate changes throughout life
  • Surfactant is necessary for lung function

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Related Documents

Ch 13 Respiratory System Lecture Packet PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential terminology and key components of the respiratory system. You'll explore anatomical features, the functions of various structures such as the pharynx, larynx, and lungs, and understand the processes of ventilation and gas exchange. Test your knowledge on how air is modified and the mechanisms of respiration.

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