Respiratory System: Lower Tract Anatomy

Respiratory System: Lower Tract Anatomy

• The thorax is located in the region between the neck and abdomen.
• It appears flattened from the front and back, with a rounded shape on the sides.
• The thoracic cage consists of a bony framework comprised of the vertebral column (posterior), ribs and intercostal spaces (sides), and sternum and costal cartilages (anterior).
• It creates a protective enclosure around the heart, lungs, and other organs.

The Bony Thorax

• The sternum includes the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
• The ribs include the 7 true ribs and 5 false ribs.
• Thoracic vertebrae are a component of the bony thorax.

Sternum Composition and Features

• The sternum is made up of fused sternebrae.
• The manubrium features a jugular (sternal) notch, articulates with rib #1 and 2, and has clavicular articular facets.
• The sternal angle is located at the level of the 2nd rib.
• The body articulates with ribs 2-7 and connects to the xiphisternal joint.
• Over time, the xiphoid process cartilage calcifies
• Only some muscles connect to it.

Rib Classification

• 12 pairs of ribs are typically present
• True ribs have a direct attachment to the sternum.
• False ribs have an indirect or no attachment to the sternum.
• Floating ribs are made up of 2 of the 5 false ribs and lack a ventral attachment.

Rib Characteristics

• Typical ribs include numbers 3 to 9.
• Atypical ribs include numbers 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12.
• Typical ribs' anatomy includes a head, neck, tubercle, angle, shaft, and subcostal groove

Anatomy of Atypical Ribs

• 1st rib is short, flat (superior-inferiorly), wide, and supports the subclavian vessels.
• The 2nd rib is long and flat.
• The 10th-12th ribs connect to the vertebrae only.
• The 11th and 12th ribs do not articulate with transverse processes posteriorly nor attach to the sternum anteriorly.

Thoracic Vertebrae

• The existence of transverse costal facets identifies the thoracic vertebrae.
• Other traits are costal facets on the vertebral body.
• It has spinous processes that point inferiorly.
• Superior articular facets have a dorsal/posterior face
• Inferior articular facets have a ventral/anterior face
• The vertebral foramen shape is circular.
• The body is heart-shaped

Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics

• The vertebrae presents several key traits:
  • A body at the front.
  • A vertebral arch located at the back.
  • A vertebral canal situated in between.
• The vertebral arch is made out of the following: A pair of pedicles, a pair of lamina, and seven processes.
• 2nd to 8th : exhibits consistent traits across the board
• 1st to 12th ribs have atypical vertebra

Boundaries of Thoracic Cage Apertures

Thoracic Cage Characteristics

• Made of bone and some cartilage
• It is elastic.
• Allows the function of respiration.

Aperture Boundaries.

• Anteriorly, there is the Sternum.

• Posteriorly there is the T1-T12, Intervertebral Discs.

• Laterally there are the 12 Ribs and Costal Cartilages.

• Truncated Cone describes the shape.

• Has an inlet and outlet.

Superior Thoracic Inlet Detail

• Shape: Narrow and looks like a kidney

Walls

• Anterior wall- manubrium sterni
• Posterior wall -T1 body.
• Lateral wall- 1st rib plus cartilage.

Things Passing through

• Viscera, made of the trachea, esophagus, lung apices and Remnants of thymus

Vessels.

• Brachiocephalic Artery
• Left common carotid Artery
• Left subclavian Artery
• Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins

Muscles

• Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, and Longus colli.

Nerves

• Right and left Phrenic N
• Right and Left Vagus N
• Right and Left Sympathetic Trunks
• Right and Left 1st Thoracic N.

Thoracic Outlet: Inferior Aperture

• Key feature of the diaphragm

Walls

• Anteriorly walls defined by infrasternal angle
• Posteriorly walls at T12 body
• Laterally walls at the costal margin (7th to 12th ribs)

Diaphragm Origin and Shape

• The Diaphragm sits between the thorax and abdominal cavity
• Originates from rib vertebrae and meet in the central tendon

Origin of the diaphragm :

sternal part originating from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process costal part originates from deep surfaces of the lower six ribs and their costal cartilages, and forms domes. vertebral/lumbar part originating from upper three lumbar vertebrae forming the left crura & the ligaments, arcuate

• Dome-shaped partition made of muscles.

Surface Detail

• Top surface is Convexs
• Summit is Depressed and middle, and is CUPOLAE
• Testes are on right and liver is lower!

General Features :

• The liver has a bigger and larger right lobe Right kidney is lower down Parts of it are muscular(striated)
• The place is occupied with tendinous in centre

Thoracic vs Abdominal

• Fibers attach, it act as sprinter
• The muscle is set for insertion at the tendon, located centrally.
• Other fibers pass up to esophageal orface

Esophageal Openings

• Features like the diaphragm enter from the thorax into abdominal region
• Level: T 8,
• Structures include cava, Inferior vena, branches

Aortic Opening

• What the Aorta, and thoracic duct, and azygos vein

  • opens in juguar veins

• Minor areas in chest is at LARREY origin and its area has cartilage

• Transmits and vessels area located liver

• The area can enlarge to be "foramen of Morgagni".

• Minor openings include the vessels and arcuate ligaments

More detail on smaller thoracic detail

Greater & lesser splanchnic nerves-right crus & left crus Left phrenic nerve – piercing left cupola Sympathetic trunk, least splanchnic nerve -medial arcuate ligament. Musculophrenic vessels Subcostal vessels,nerve

Nerve Supply

• Main nerve - Phrenic what it does - to control supplies the nerve, as one part- for breathing

What is in the way ?

• when they stimulate what happens? they conduct and constrict then it is used to support diafraghm

Detail Supply

• The main blood supply is musculophrenic artery
• Then there is the pericardic blood supply.
• Finally with arteries and inferior veins, they flow.

Clinical Significance of the Sternum

• Bone marrow sampling uses in to find bone in areas the sternum

• Main disorders -Funnel chest that has a sunken wall with abnormal shape.

• Rib can dent. and also have heart issues.

  • The Pigeon, has deformities.

• Problems can puncture lungs.

Relation of Lower Ribs to Liver and Spleen

• Lower Ribs do not have good view
  • L1 to l3 they tend to flex

The Lungs

• Where lungs end and extend.

• Main function to cover.

General Description of Lungs

• A pair of very significant organs of respiration
• These are in the thoracic cavity area

Lung Anatomy Detail

• Apex
• Base,
• The coast (surface)
• medial Surface

Detail

• The Base has smaller areas with primary bronchus
• The vessels, border and treachea are all posterior.

Impressions

• There are impression in surfaces
• And is affected by mediaside.

Apex of the Lungs

• Positioned above the first rib's border.
• Close proximity to blood vessels and nerves within the neck's base area

Related to thoracic

• Lobe -
  • secondary bronchi, and this is where air goes in!

The Surface

• The bronchial segments also effect the surface in each lope
  • 3 main area in total

Media Effects

• The hilum is between the 5 to the even 7 vertebrae.
• Has a special route there.

What is inside in Area?

• primary with the root!

Structures

• Each part is section.

General

• The pulmonary artery is a source of branching
• Structure of conducting of what will be thick
• All that ends has little bits so it's going is more.

Ends of Lungs Detail

• ends of the hyaline are bronchi.
• Has bronchiole is one place does and not the other.

Bronchioles

• There is the area with smooth muscle
• and ANS response happens.

Epithelial Changes

• With the epithelium is lineed well with squamous
• pseudostrated and comes with ciliated Column

Blood Supply

• Supply main - Right or ledt from branches

Nerve Supply

• Main nerve used with a lot action - Vagus !

Detail Action Plan

• The lung has tissue connect in and for alveoli into lobules.

Pulmonary Vessels

• Small and fills all the air
• has small walls

Alveolar and ducts

• One layer
• Support. and vessels!

Alveoli cells

The two has help and surfactant is on its best behaviour!.

• The cells reduce any form of tensions This helps it reduce any surface action

Airways

• When air reduces, all gets small, and there is the small area of muscle
• All smooth. and the connective. reduces
• They hold the structure

General functions of the system

• Prevent germs

• All cells must be protected

  • Plasma is good
  • Also macro!
  • T Cells need help!

• Airways do the rest.