Respiratory System Functions
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the alveolar surface is covered by Alveolar Type I cells?

  • 50%
  • 95% (correct)
  • 100%
  • 70%

    • What is the primary function of Alveolar Type II cells?

  • Removal of microorganisms
  • Gas exchange
  • Supporting the alveolar structure
  • Secretion of surfactant (correct)

    • What is the surface area of the pulmonary capillary bed?

  • 50 m2
  • 70 m2 (correct)
  • 100 m2
  • 30 m2

    • What is the primary function of Alveolar macrophages?

    <p>Removal of microorganisms and inhaled particulate matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can Intermediate cells differentiate into?

    <p>Ciliated cells or mucous secreting Goblet cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the waste products left behind in the blood after the body has taken the necessary nutrients?

    <p>They are excreted by the urinary system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are Interstitial cells capable of differentiating into?

    <p>Fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of Alveolar macrophages?

    <p>In the aqueous hypophase of the surfactant layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the kidney and urinary systems?

    <p>To eliminate liquid waste called urea and regulate chemicals and water in balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is urea produced from in the body?

    <p>Foods containing protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a important function of the kidneys besides filtration?

    <p>Blood pressure regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tubular system of the kidney?

    <p>Selective resorption and excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glomerulus?

    <p>Filtration of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the nephron that filters blood?

    <p>Renal corpuscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bowman's capsule composed of?

    <p>Two layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>To provide a protective barrier and moisture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper respiratory tract composed of?

    <p>Nose, mouth, and beginning of the trachea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bronchi?

    <p>To divide into two bronchi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the lungs?

    <p>A bronchial tree with air tubes branching off (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lining of the nasal cavities?

    <p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the olfactory glands in the nasal cavities?

    <p>To secrete a proteinaceous substance that keeps the surface moist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lining of the pharynx?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is the most abundant in the airway epithelium?

    <p>Ciliated Cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Goblet Cells typically found in the respiratory system?

    <p>Trachea and bronchi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Clara Cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Metabolism of exogenous agents and progenitor cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Brush Cells from other cell types?

    <p>Dense population of long, straight microvilli on the luminal surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Dense core granule cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Regulation of lung function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Serous cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Glycoproteins and lysozymes secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Basal Cells typically found in the respiratory system?

    <p>Trachea and bronchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different cell types are present in the respiratory system epithelium?

    <p>8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of epithelial cells that compose the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Specialized epithelial cells known as podocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of Bowman's capsule composed of?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ureter?

    <p>To connect the kidney and the urinary bladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter?

    <p>Transitional epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the urinary bladder?

    <p>To store and release urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is present in the wall of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of epithelium that lines the urethra?

    <p>Transitional epithelium that changes to stratified or pseudostratified columnar, and then to stratified squamous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the urethra?

    <p>To carry urine away from the bladder to the outside of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is a complex of organs and tissues that exchange blood carbon dioxide (CO2) with air oxygen (O2).
    • Its functions include:
      • Breathing, which involves inhaling and exhaling air in the body
      • Absorbing oxygen from the air to produce energy
      • Discharging carbon dioxide, a byproduct of the process

    Respiratory Epithelium

    • The respiratory epithelium is a tissue that lines the respiratory system
    • Its roles include:
      • Serving as a protective barrier
      • Providing moisture

    Parts of the Respiratory System

    Upper Respiratory Tract

    • Includes the nose, mouth, and the beginning of the trachea

    Lower Respiratory Tract

    • Includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
    • The trachea connects the throat to the bronchi
    • The bronchi divide into two tubes, which then branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles, ending in pulmonary alveoli

    Lungs

    • The lungs include the bronchial tree, which branches off from the bronchi into smaller and smaller air tubes, each ending in a pulmonary alveolus

    Nasal Cavities

    • The nasal cavities are lined by a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing olfactory cells
    • The mucosa of the nasal cavities contains:
      • Olfactory nerves
      • Olfactory glands that secrete a proteinaceous substance, keeping the surface moist and trapping aromatic substances

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx contains mucous glands and is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, continuous with the epithelium at the proximal end of the larynx

    Cell Types in the Respiratory System Epithelium

    • There are eight different cell types in the respiratory system epithelium:
      • Ciliated cells
      • Goblet (mucous) cells
      • Basal (short) cells
      • Clara cells (bronchiolar epithelial cells)
      • Brush cells
      • Dense core granule cells (small granule cells, neuroendocrine cells)
      • Serous cells
      • Intermediate cells

    Histology of the Alveolar Region

    • Five major cell types are present in the alveolar region:
      • Alveolar Type I cells (squamous alveolar epithelial cells)
      • Alveolar Type II cells (great alveolar cells, granular pneumocytes)
      • Capillary endothelial cells
      • Alveolar macrophages
      • Interstitial cells

    Urinary System

    • The urinary system helps the body eliminate liquid waste (urea) and regulate chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water balance
    • The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell production in the bone marrow
    • The kidneys also regulate blood pressure, acid-base balance, and conserve fluids

    Components of the Urinary System

    • The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are the main components of the urinary system
    • The processes can be divided into two steps:
      • Filtration: glomeruli of the kidney
      • Selective resorption and excretion: tubular system of the kidney

    Kidney Structure

    • The kidney is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla
    • The medulla contains multiple cone-shaped lobes, known as medullary pyramids
    • The urinary lobes are fused in the cortex

    Nephron

    • The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney
    • It includes:
      • Renal corpuscle
      • Proximal convoluted tubule
      • Loop of Henle
      • Distal convoluted tubule

    Glomerulus

    • The glomerulus is a capillary bundle that receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation
    • Inside the glomerulus is Bowman's capsule, which has two layers:
      • The visceral layer, in contact with the glomerulus, composed of specialized epithelial cells known as podocytes
      • The parietal layer, the outer layer, composed of simple squamous epithelial cells

    Renal Pelvis and Ureter

    • Numerous collecting ducts merge into the renal pelvis, which then becomes the ureter
    • The ureter is a muscular tube, composed of an inner longitudinal layer and an outer circular layer
    • The lumen of the ureter is covered by transitional epithelium

    Urinary Bladder

    • The urinary bladder stores urine as it is produced and releases it from the body
    • It is lined with transitional epithelium that stretches as the bladder fills
    • The wall contains smooth muscle that contracts to expel urine

    Urethra

    • The urethra carries urine away from the bladder to the outside of the body
    • The epithelium changes from transitional to stratified or pseudostratified columnar in the urethra, and to stratified squamous in the distal end of the urethra

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    Description

    Learn about the complex of organs and tissues that facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body, including breathing, oxygen absorption, and carbon dioxide discharge.

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