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Respiratory System Functions
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Respiratory System Functions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • To smell
  • To cleanse, moisten, and warm the incoming air
  • To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment (correct)
  • To conduct air from the environment to inside the body

    • Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur in the respiratory system?

  • At the bronchioles
  • At the air-blood interface (correct)
  • At the nasal cavity
  • At the trachea

    • What are the two crucial functions of the respiratory tract?

  • Air conduction and respiration (correct)
  • Gas exchange and smell
  • Respiration and gas exchange
  • Smell and air conduction

    • What is the function of the conducting system?

    <p>To bring air from the environment to the respiratory portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the transitional system?

    <p>To transition between conducting and gas exchange areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hair and secretions from mucous glands in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To trap particulate matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lower respiratory tract composed of?

    <p>Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the structures of the respiratory system be functionally subdivided?

    <p>Into three groups: conductive, transitional, and gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histological similarity between the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

    <p>Very similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the histological structure of bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>Type of epithelial lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the smooth muscle in bronchi?

    <p>To mediate bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the mixed glands in the bronchi?

    <p>To secrete mucin, lactoferrin and lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Branching pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of airway structures from proximal to distal in the lung?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysozyme?

    <p>To have bacteriostatic/cidal properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the bronchi?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mast cell-derived histamine?

    <p>To mediate bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the walls of bronchi?

    <p>They contain cartilage plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the caudodorsal regions of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Bowman's glands in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To facilitate the sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the vomeronasal organ?

    <p>A thick layer of sensory epithelium partially encased by cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are found in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Three distinct cell types: receptor cells, sustentacular cells, and basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vomeronasal receptor cells?

    <p>To detect pheromones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the response that facilitates the access of air to the vomeronasal organ?

    <p>Flehmen response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nasal cavity?

    <p>To facilitate the sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glands are found in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Tubuloalveolar glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the nasal cavity?

    <p>A bone-supported cavity divided into two halves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pores that allow macrophages to pass from one alveolus to another?

    <p>Pores of Kohn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the space between cells as well as the microcirculation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for macrophages that are present within the alveolar septal interstitium?

    <p>Dust cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the interconnecting network of interstitial stromal tissue that supports the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?

    <p>Pulmonary interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dividing wall between alveoli composed of interstitium and cells?

    <p>Pulmonary septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is present in alveolar walls?

    <p>Collagen type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of elastic fibers in the alveolar septum and interstitium?

    <p>To allow the alveoli to stretch during inhalation and recoil during exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for macrophages that are present within the blood vessels?

    <p>Intravascular macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the barrier between the blood and air in the lungs?

    <p>Blood-air barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of oxygen in the lungs?

    <p>Surfactant → cytoplasm of pneumocyte type 1 → basal lamina → cytoplasm of endothelial cell → capillary RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>To secrete mucus to trap particulate matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the absence of goblet cells due to metaplasia?

    <p>Loss of immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the buildup of fluid in the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of blood supply provided by pulmonary arteries?

    <p>Functional blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of cells that line the visceral pleura?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the change from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of capillaries found in the lungs?

    <p>Continuous type of capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the contraction of smooth muscle in bronchi, bronchioles, and vessels?

    <p>Involuntary contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Functions

    • Primary functions: smell, air conduction, and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment
    • Respiration occurs at the air-blood interface, which lies at the most distal part of the respiratory tract
    • Two crucial functions of the respiratory tract: air conduction and respiration

    Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts

    • Upper respiratory tract: nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and larynx
    • Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
    • Histologically, the lower and upper respiratory tracts are similar, whereas regions of conduction and gas exchange differ

    Functional Subdivision of Respiratory System

    • Conductive (1): conduction of air from the environment to inside the body
    • Transitional (2): transition zone between the conducting and gas exchange areas
    • Respiratory (3): responsible for gas exchange

    Conductive System

    • Brings air from the environment to the respiratory portion
    • Cleanses, moistens, and warms the incoming air on its way
    • Hair and secretions from mucous glands in the nasal cavity trap particulate matter

    Transitional System

    • Transitional zone between the conducting and gas exchange areas
    • Portion of the more caudodorsal regions of the nasal cavity is covered by olfactory epithelium, which facilitates the sense of smell

    Olfactory Epithelium

    • Tall, pseudostratified epithelium that contains three distinct cell types
    • Olfactory glands (Bowman's glands) play a crucial role in the sense of smell
    • Olfactory glands are tubuloalveolar glands located within the lamina propria

    Nasal Cavity

    • Bone-supported cavity within the skull divided by a cartilaginous septum into two halves: left and right
    • Each half consists of three regions

    Vomeronasal Organs

    • Paired, specialized chemoreceptor organs adjacent to the nasal septum within the nasal cavity
    • Structurally, the vomeronasal organ is a thick layer of sensory epithelium partially encased by cartilage and associated with an abundant vascular supply
    • Histologically, the sensory epithelium is similar to that of olfactory epithelium, with a thick pseudostratified epithelium that contains three populations of cells

    Bronchi

    • Distally, the trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi
    • Histologically similar to the trachea
    • Lined by ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) and interspersed with goblet cells
    • Walls are supported by cartilage plates and smooth muscle
    • Bronchi have smooth muscle, which mediates bronchoconstriction
    • Lamina propria of bronchi also contains moderate numbers of mixed glands (bronchial glands)

    Bronchioles

    • Thin-walled airways lined by variably ciliated or nonciliated columnar epithelium
    • Walls are composed of tangentially arranged smooth muscle
    • Lack cartilage and glands, which distinguish them histologically from bronchi
    • Subdivided into terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

    Alveoli

    • The transition between regions of air conduction (i.e. bronchioles) and regions of air exchange (i.e. alveoli) in the lung progresses through sequentially distinct segments
    • Low numbers of macrophages are normally present within the alveolar septal interstitium
    • Pores of Kohn (alveolar septal pores) allow macrophage passage from one alveolus to another

    Interstitium

    • Composed of structural, adhesive, and absorptive components collectively referred to as the extracellular matrix
    • Pulmonary interstitium is the interconnecting network of interstitial stromal tissue supporting the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

    Pulmonary Septum

    • Dividing wall between alveoli composed of interstitium and cells
    • Collagen type III is present in alveolar walls, while collagen type I is present in conducting airways
    • Alveolar septum and interstitium contain elastic fibers, allowing the alveoli to stretch during inhalation and recoil during exhalation

    Blood-Air Barrier

    • Oxygen pathway: surfactant → cytoplasm of pneumocyte type 1 → basal lamina → cytoplasm of endothelial cell → capillary RBCs
    • Carbon dioxide pathway: Capillary RBCs → cytoplasm of endothelial cell → basal lamina → cytoplasm of pneumocyte type 1 → surfactant

    Pulmonary Blood Supply

    • Dual blood supply: pulmonary arteries (arterioles) and bronchial arteries (from bronchoesophageal)
    • Pulmonary arteries supply unoxygenated blood at low pressure, while bronchial arteries supply nutritional blood

    Pulmonary Innervation

    • Contraction of smooth muscle (bronchi, bronchioles, and vessels) is involuntary

    Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System

    • Goblet cells are present along the airways to the level of large bronchioles
    • Increased number of goblet cells (hyperplasia) in smokers
    • Absence of goblet cells due to metaplasia results in loss of immune function

    Pulmonary Edema

    • Refers to the build-up of fluid in the lungs (alveolar spaces filled with proteinaceous fluid)
    • Gas exchange cannot take place with fluid in the alveolar space

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