Respiratory System Functions and Organs

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of external respiration?

  • The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood. (correct)
  • The utilization of oxygen by cells to produce ATP.
  • The exchange of gases between systemic capillary blood and tissue cells.
  • The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Which of the following is a primary function of the respiratory system?

  • Detoxification of harmful substances in the blood.
  • Metabolism of hormones such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). (correct)
  • Regulation of blood glucose levels.
  • Production of red blood cells.

How does the respiratory system contribute to acid-base balance in the body?

  • By producing bicarbonate ions in the liver.
  • By directly neutralizing acids in the blood.
  • By regulating the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, which affects pH. (correct)
  • By excreting acidic waste products through the kidneys.

In which of the following locations does gas exchange occur during internal respiration?

<p>Between systemic capillary blood and tissue cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems?

<p>Pharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

<p>To prevent food from entering the trachea. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure marks the beginning of the lower respiratory system?

<p>Larynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?

<p>To increase the surface area for warming and humidifying inhaled air. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage primarily composes the trachea?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

<p>To remove mucus and debris from the airways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bronchopulmonary segments are typically found in the left lung?

<p>8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature defines a bronchopulmonary segment?

<p>The portion of the lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the branching of the bronchial tree?

<p>Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Type II alveolar cells?

<p>Secretion of surfactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue comprises the majority of the alveolar wall?

<p>Simple squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of alveolar macrophages?

<p>To phagocytize pathogens and debris. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

<p>Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'nutritional flow' to the lungs?

<p>Oxygenated blood supplied by the bronchial arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is directly triggered by the contraction of inspiratory muscles?

<p>An increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet, relaxed expiration?

<p>No muscles; expiration results from elastic recoil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does contraction of the diaphragm affect the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity?

<p>It increases volume and decreases pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration, what change in pressure occurs within the lungs relative to atmospheric pressure?

<p>The pressure in the lungs becomes lower than atmospheric pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pleural membranes in respiration?

<p>To create a pressure gradient that allows the lungs to expand and contract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, what alveolar pressure would promote inhalation?

<p>758 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)?

<p>$P_{tp} = P_{alv} - P_{ip}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under normal conditions, what is the relationship between intrapleural pressure and alveolar pressure?

<p>Intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'end-expiratory lung volume' primarily determined by?

<p>The balance between the lung's tendency to recoil inward and the chest wall's tendency to spring outward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a lung volume directly measured by spirometry?

<p>Residual volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?

<p>The amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal, quiet expiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an obstructive lung disease typically affect functional residual capacity (FRC)?

<p>It increases FRC. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is lung compliance defined?

<p>The ease with which the lungs can be inflated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emphysema typically affect lung compliance and FRC?

<p>Increases both compliance and FRC. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes pulmonary ventilation?

<p>The rate of air movement into and out of the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes alveolar ventilation from pulmonary ventilation?

<p>Pulmonary ventilation includes the volume of the anatomical dead space, while alveolar ventilation does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Dalton's Law, what determines the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture?

<p>The total gas pressure and the concentration of the gas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to inspired air, expired air typically has:

<p>A lower concentration of oxygen and a higher concentration of carbon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries?

<p>A difference in partial pressures of oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical partial pressures of oxygen (POâ‚‚) in arterial and mixed venous blood, respectively?

<p>95 mmHg and 40 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common way that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

<p>As bicarbonate ions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Fick method, oxygen consumption is calculated using:

<p>Blood flow and oxygen extraction by tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A respiratory quotient (RQ) close to 1.0 would indicate that the primary fuel source being used by the body is:

<p>Carbohydrates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

<p>Bound to hemoglobin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?

<p>The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Bohr effect, what conditions favor the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

<p>Decreased pH, increased PCOâ‚‚, and increased temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines 'hypoxemia'?

<p>Low oxygen levels in the arterial blood due to low hemoglobin saturation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon monoxide (CO) affect oxygen transport in the blood?

<p>It binds to hemoglobin with a much greater affinity than oxygen, reducing oxygen-carrying capacity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'transit time' refers to:

<p>The time it takes for a red blood cell to pass through a pulmonary capillary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brainstem serves is the primary site of automatic respiratory control?

<p>Medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla?

<p>To integrate sensory information and modify respiratory rhythm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main function of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla?

<p>Control of forceful breathing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the pontine respiratory centers (PRG) influence respiration?

<p>By fine-tuning breathing and inhibiting prolonged inspiration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of central chemoreceptors in respiratory regulation?

<p>Detecting changes in pH and carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions are peripheral chemoreceptors primarily stimulated?

<p>Low arterial oxygen levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pulmonary stretch receptors?

<p>To prevent overinflation of the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between capillary blood and the cells in tissues

Cellular Respiration

The use of oxygen by cells to produce ATP by oxidizing glucose

Diaphragm

The primary inspiratory muscle that enlarges the thoracic cavity longitudinally

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External Intercostal Muscles

Muscles that move ribs upward and outward, expanding the rib cage

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Sternocleidomastoid

Muscles that elevate the sternum

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Scalenes

Muscles that elevate the top two ribs

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Internal Intercostal Muscles

Muscles that pull ribs downward & inward, reducing the diameter of the rib cage

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Abdominal Muscles

Muscles that depress the lower ribs and elevate the diaphragm by increasing abdominal pressure

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Inspiration

Occurs when pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure in the atmosphere

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Expiration

Occurs when pressure in the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere

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Transpulmonary Pressure (Ptp)

Pulmonary pressure (Ptp) is the difference between Palv and Pip

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End-Expiratory Lung Volume

The most energy-efficient place to pause breathing

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Spirometry

Tool is used to measure: vital capacity, residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity (a.k.a. end expiratory lung volume) and total lung capacity

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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Defines the volume that fresh air must mix with in order to increase lung oxygen stores, and decrease lung carbon dioxide stores

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Lung compliance

Refers to is the ease at which the lungs can be inflated

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Pulmonary Ventilation

A measure of the rate of lung ventilation

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Alveolar Ventilation

A measure of the rate at which air actually ventilates the alveoli

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Dalton's Law

In a mixture of gases, each gas will exert a pressure that is proportional to its concentration

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Fick method

How the bodies O2 consumption is measured most accurately

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Bohr shift

a shift in the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, caused by decreased blood pH, increased blood PCO2 and/or increased temperature

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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Occurs from car exhaust, tobacco smoke, etc) binds to Hb heme group 200-250 times more successfully than 02.

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Inspiratory Neurons

The brain localized to the dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

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Ventral Respiratory Group

Also known as VGR, it Is where Expiratory neurons are localized in the brainstem

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Pulmonary stretch receptors

Specialized receptor found in the lungs that detect the tension in the lung walls

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Central chemoreceptors

Located on the ventral side of the medulla and responds to changes in pH

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Peripheral chemoreceptors

Found in the aortic and coratid artery as responds to PO2 in aretrial blood

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Study Notes

Functions of the Respiratory System

  • Ventilation and gas exchange occur in the respiratory system
  • It filters, warms and humidifies inhaled air
  • It maintains acid-base balance
  • It enables sound production, and facilitates the sense of smell
  • The respiratory system helps with the metabolism of hormones, specifically angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in lung cells

Respiration Types

  • External respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
  • Internal respiration is gas exchange between capillary blood and the cells in tissues
  • Cellular respiration is the use of oxygen by cells to produce ATP by oxidizing glucose

Organs of the Respiratory System

  • Nose allows air to enter the body
  • Nasal cavity warms and filters air
  • Oral cavity is the mouth
  • Pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
  • Larynx is the voice box, containing vocal cords
  • Trachea conducts air to the lungs
  • Lungs house the bronchi and alveoli, facilitating gas exchange
  • Right and left primary bronchus conducts air to the lungs
  • Lungs include the Visceral pleura, Parietal pleura and Pleural cavity

Anatomy of the Nose and Associated Structures

  • Superior, Middle and Inferior Nasal meatuses are nasal passages
  • Frontal Sinus is a cavity in the frontal bone
  • Olfactory epithelium is sensory tissue for smell
  • Superior, Middle and Inferior Nasal conchae are bony projections that humidify and filter air
  • Nasal vestibule is the entrance to the nasal cavity
  • External naris is the nostril opening
  • Internal naris is the opening from the nasal cavity to the pharynx
  • Hard palate separates the nasal and oral cavities
  • Oral cavity is the mouth
  • Soft palate is the soft tissue forming the back of the roof of the mouth
  • Lingual tonsil is located on the base of the tongue
  • Pharyngeal tonsil is on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
  • Opening of auditory tube equalizes pressure in the middle ear
  • Uvula is a fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate
  • Palatine tonsil is located in the oropharynx
  • Fauces is the opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx
  • Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea
  • Esophagus transports food to the stomach
  • Ventricular fold/false vocal cord protects the vocal folds
  • Vocal fold/true vocal cord produces sound
  • Larynx houses the vocal cords
  • Thyroid cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx
  • Cricoid cartilage is a ring of cartilage around the trachea

Larynx

  • The larynx, or voice box, is composed of several cartilages, including:
  • Epiglottis: a flap that closes over the trachea during swallowing
  • Corniculate cartilage: a pair of small, cone-shaped cartilages
  • Thyroid cartilage: the largest cartilage, forming the Adam's apple
  • Arytenoid cartilage: a pair of pyramid-shaped cartilages involved in vocal cord movement
  • Cricoid cartilage: a ring-shaped cartilage forming the base of the larynx
  • Inside of the larynx include the Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands (4) and Tracheal cartilage
  • The vocal folds vibrate to produce sound, and the glottis is the opening between them
  • Movement of vocal folds apart (abduction) is managed by the Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and creates lateral rotation
  • Movement of vocal folds together (adduction) is managed by the Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and creates medial rotation

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