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Questions and Answers
What is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation?
What is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation?
External respiration occurs in the cells of the body.
External respiration occurs in the cells of the body.
False
What is the typical tidal volume (VT) in milliliters?
What is the typical tidal volume (VT) in milliliters?
500 mL
Increased temperature causes gas volume to ______.
Increased temperature causes gas volume to ______.
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Match the following respiratory system functions with their descriptions:
Match the following respiratory system functions with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements about gas diffusion is true?
Which of the following statements about gas diffusion is true?
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The residual volume refers to the amount of air moved during quiet breathing.
The residual volume refers to the amount of air moved during quiet breathing.
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What is the largest possible breath called?
What is the largest possible breath called?
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The elastic recoil of the chest and diaphragm is primarily responsible for ______.
The elastic recoil of the chest and diaphragm is primarily responsible for ______.
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How does pressure change inside the chest during inhalation?
How does pressure change inside the chest during inhalation?
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What is the primary function of haemoglobin in the blood?
What is the primary function of haemoglobin in the blood?
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Internal respiration occurs in the lungs.
Internal respiration occurs in the lungs.
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What is the typical vital capacity (Vc) in liters?
What is the typical vital capacity (Vc) in liters?
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The amount of air that remains trapped in the airways after full expiration is known as the ______ volume.
The amount of air that remains trapped in the airways after full expiration is known as the ______ volume.
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Match the following types of respiration with their locations:
Match the following types of respiration with their locations:
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Which muscles assist during inhalation?
Which muscles assist during inhalation?
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Gas volume decreases as temperature increases.
Gas volume decreases as temperature increases.
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What is the major driver of inspiration?
What is the major driver of inspiration?
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The process of air moving out of the lungs is known as ______.
The process of air moving out of the lungs is known as ______.
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Which law explains the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
Which law explains the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Function
- The respiratory system's primary function is gas exchange, enabling the body to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
- It also protects the respiratory surfaces, generates vocalizations, and detects odors.
External and Internal Respiration
- External respiration occurs in the lungs and involves the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood.
- Internal respiration occurs in the cells and involves the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells.
Muscles of Respiration
- Inhalation (breathing in) is primarily driven by the diaphragm, a voluntary skeletal muscle.
- External intercostal muscles assist in inhalation and are primarily responsible for expanding the rib cage.
- Exhalation (breathing out) is primarily driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall.
- Internal intercostal muscles can assist in forceful exhalation by pulling the ribs downward.
Chest Pressures
- Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs. It is always slightly lower than atmospheric pressure, creating a negative pressure that helps to maintain the lungs' inflation state.
- Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli. It fluctuates with breathing, becoming slightly lower than atmospheric pressure during inhalation and slightly higher during exhalation.
Lung Volumes
- Tidal volume (VT): The amount of air moved in a normal, quiet breath (typically 500 mL).
- Vital capacity (VC): The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (typically 4.5 L).
- Residual volume: The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.
Gas Properties
- Gas volume and pressure are inversely related: As the volume of a gas increases, its pressure decreases.
- Gas volume and temperature are directly related: As the temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases.
- Gas temperature and pressure are directly related: As the temperature of a gas increases, its pressure increases.
- Gas movement is largely driven by differences in pressure, with gases moving from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
Respiratory System Function
- The respiratory system has 6 key functions:
- Gas Exchange: Provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Air Movement: Moves air to and from the lungs.
- Protection: Protects respiratory surfaces from foreign objects like dust and pathogens.
- Sound Production: Enables vocalization through the production of sounds.
- Odor Detection: Responsible for perceiving smells in the nose.
- pH Regulation: Helps regulate blood pH levels by removing CO2.
Respiration
- External Respiration: The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood. The blood gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.
- Internal Respiration: The exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues. The blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide.
Muscles of Respiration
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Inhalation (Inspiration):
- Diaphragm: The primary muscle responsible for inspiration. A voluntary muscle that contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the chest cavity.
- External Intercostals: Assist the diaphragm by pulling the ribs upward and outward, further increasing the chest cavity volume.
- Other Muscles: Muscles in the neck and shoulder region may assist with deep breaths.
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Exhalation (Expiration):
- Elastic Recoil of Chest and Diaphragm: The passive relaxation of the diaphragm and chest wall muscles forces air out of the lungs.
- Internal Intercostals: Assist in forced exhalation by pulling the ribs downward and inward, reducing the size of the chest cavity.
- Other Muscles: Muscles in the abdomen may assist in forced expiration.
Pressures in the Chest
- Intrapleural Pressure: The pressure between the pleural membranes surrounding the lungs. It is always less than the atmospheric pressure, creating a vacuum that helps keep the lungs inflated.
- Intrapulmonary Pressure: The pressure within the lungs. It changes with breathing, becoming lower than atmospheric pressure during inhalation and higher than atmospheric pressure during exhalation.
Respiratory Volumes
- Tidal Volume (VT): The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing. About 500 mL.
- Vital Capacity (VC): The largest possible breath that can be taken. Full inspiration followed by full exhalation. About 4.5 L.
- Residual Volume: The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a full exhalation.
Properties of Gases
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Gases and Pressure: Gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. Higher volume means lower pressure, and vice versa.
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Gases and Temperature: Gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. Higher temperature means higher volume.
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Gases and Pressure: Gas temperature and pressure are proportional. Higher temperature means higher pressure.
-
Gas Movement: Gases tend to move from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
Hemoglobin and Gas Transport
- Hemoglobin: Found in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and, to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
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Description
Explore the essential functions of the respiratory system, including gas exchange, and the role of various muscles in inhalation and exhalation. This quiz covers the concepts of external and internal respiration, as well as the pressures in the chest during the breathing process.
