25 Questions
What can cause or be a risk factor for ARDS?
Chronic alcohol abuse
Which of the following is not a cause or risk factor for ARDS mentioned in the text?
Younger age
Which of these is a risk factor for ARDS according to the text?
Metabolic acidosis
What does the text say can contribute to the development of ARDS?
Older age, chronic alcohol abuse, and metabolic acidosis
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause or risk factor for ARDS?
Younger age
What is a pleural effusion?
A buildup of fluid in the pleural space
What types of pleural effusions are mentioned in the text?
Serous and proteinaceous
What is a serous pleural effusion?
A pleural effusion with a low protein content
What is a proteinaceous pleural effusion?
A pleural effusion with a high protein content
What other types of pleural effusions are mentioned?
The text does not mention any other specific types
What type of cytokines do the cells release instead of those that induce a normal or minimal inflammatory response?
Interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-10
What is the primary effect of the cytokines released by these cells?
They activate eosinophils and lead to mucus overproduction
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the context of the cytokines released by these cells?
They contribute to the overproduction of mucus
What is the main difference between the cytokines released by these cells and the cytokines that induce a normal or minimal inflammatory response?
The cytokines released by these cells activate eosinophils and lead to mucus overproduction, while the normal/minimal inflammatory cytokines do not
What is the likely outcome of the overproduction of mucus caused by the cytokines released by these cells?
Airway obstruction and impaired respiratory function
Where does the exchange of gases occur in the respiratory system?
At the alveoli
What substances are exchanged at the alveoli?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which of the following is NOT involved in the process of gas exchange in the lungs?
Arteries
What is the primary function of the alveoli?
To facilitate gas exchange
Which of the following is correct regarding the direction of gas exchange at the alveoli?
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli
What is the approximate time range for the protracted late phase of an allergic reaction?
4-8 hours
Which of the following immune cells are recruited to the submucosa during the protracted late phase?
Mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils
What is the primary factor that leads to the recruitment of immune cells during the protracted late phase?
Antigen presence in the submucosa
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the protracted late phase?
Characterized by the release of histamine
What is the primary function of the recruited immune cells during the protracted late phase?
Promote inflammation and tissue damage
Learn about how air enters the lungs and exchanges gases at the alveoli with the blood in the capillaries.
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