Respiratory System and Haemoglobin Regulation
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Questions and Answers

What happens to haemoglobin in the lungs when oxygen concentration is high?

  • It releases protons, which combine with bicarbonate to drive off carbon dioxide (correct)
  • It becomes less saturated with oxygen
  • It releases carbon dioxide
  • It binds to bicarbonate, increasing blood pH
  • What is the result of increased carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion concentration on the dissociation curve?

  • It shifts to the left, reducing oxygen dumping
  • It shifts to the right, facilitating increased oxygen dumping (correct)
  • It remains unchanged, with no effect on oxygen dumping
  • It disappears, ceasing oxygen transport
  • What is the primary source of protons that cause haemoglobin to release oxygen in muscles during strenuous activity?

  • Bicarbonate
  • Oxygen
  • Lactic acid (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Which type of muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Involuntary muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the innervation of skeletal muscles in the limbs and head?

    <p>They receive one main nerve that supplies both motor and sensory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nerves that supply skeletal muscles?

    <p>To provide both motor and sensory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in bone development?

    <p>Increases bone density and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the blood group of an individual?

    <p>The presence or absence of certain protein molecules on the surface of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to match blood groups before a transfusion?

    <p>To ensure the blood is compatible with the recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many blood group systems are recognized?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of receiving blood from an incompatible group?

    <p>The formation of large clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in the development of muscle mass?

    <p>It increases the growth of muscle mass and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pneumotaxic centre?

    <p>Regulating the volume and rate of respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forced expiration, what is the effect on the inspiratory centre and the expiratory system?

    <p>Inspiratory centre is inhibited, expiratory system is activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lesions in the apneustic centre?

    <p>Respiration becomes shallower and irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dorsal and ventral groups of neurones in the respiratory system?

    <p>They are bilaterally paired and behave in synchrony to produce symmetric respiratory movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why the neurones are silent during quiet breathing?

    <p>Expiration is a passive event following an active inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the apneustic centre on the inspiratory centre?

    <p>It stimulates the inspiratory centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of regular physical activity on mental health?

    <p>Reduced stress and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical step that initiates the micturition reflex?

    <p>Stretching of the bladder wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pelvic nerves in the micturition process?

    <p>They transmit sensory signals from the bladder fundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the smooth muscle in the bladder?

    <p>It is a syncytium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stimulating the parasympathetic nerves on the detrusor muscle?

    <p>It causes the muscle to contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the micturition process?

    <p>Relaxation of the external urethral sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle cell is characterized by being under the control of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems?

    <p>Cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cells that is different from cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Voluntary control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle cell is known for its ability to contract quickly and fatigue easily?

    <p>Skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle cells that allows them to contract spontaneously?

    <p>Autorhythmicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle cell is characterized by its ability to increase in strength when stretched?

    <p>Skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cells that is similar to cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Striated</p> Signup and view all the answers

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