Respiratory System and Haemoglobin Regulation

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What happens to haemoglobin in the lungs when oxygen concentration is high?

It releases protons, which combine with bicarbonate to drive off carbon dioxide (correct)
It becomes less saturated with oxygen
It releases carbon dioxide
It binds to bicarbonate, increasing blood pH

What is the result of increased carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion concentration on the dissociation curve?

It shifts to the left, reducing oxygen dumping
It shifts to the right, facilitating increased oxygen dumping (correct)
It remains unchanged, with no effect on oxygen dumping
It disappears, ceasing oxygen transport

What is the primary source of protons that cause haemoglobin to release oxygen in muscles during strenuous activity?

Bicarbonate
Oxygen
Lactic acid (correct)
Carbon dioxide

Which type of muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Involuntary muscles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the innervation of skeletal muscles in the limbs and head?

They receive one main nerve that supplies both motor and sensory functions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nerves that supply skeletal muscles?

To provide both motor and sensory functions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of testosterone in bone development?

Increases bone density and strength (B) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the blood group of an individual?

The presence or absence of certain protein molecules on the surface of red blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to match blood groups before a transfusion?

To ensure the blood is compatible with the recipient's immune system (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many blood group systems are recognized?

23 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of receiving blood from an incompatible group?

The formation of large clots (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of testosterone in the development of muscle mass?

It increases the growth of muscle mass and strength (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pneumotaxic centre?

Regulating the volume and rate of respiration (A) Signup and view all the answers

During forced expiration, what is the effect on the inspiratory centre and the expiratory system?

Inspiratory centre is inhibited, expiratory system is activated (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lesions in the apneustic centre?

Respiration becomes shallower and irregular (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dorsal and ventral groups of neurones in the respiratory system?

They are bilaterally paired and behave in synchrony to produce symmetric respiratory movements (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the neurones are silent during quiet breathing?

Expiration is a passive event following an active inspiration (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the apneustic centre on the inspiratory centre?

It stimulates the inspiratory centre (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of regular physical activity on mental health?

Reduced stress and anxiety (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical step that initiates the micturition reflex?

Stretching of the bladder wall (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pelvic nerves in the micturition process?

They transmit sensory signals from the bladder fundus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of the smooth muscle in the bladder?

It is a syncytium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stimulating the parasympathetic nerves on the detrusor muscle?

It causes the muscle to contract (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the micturition process?

Relaxation of the external urethral sphincter (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle cell is characterized by being under the control of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems?

Cardiac muscle cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cells that is different from cardiac muscle cells?

Voluntary control (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle cell is known for its ability to contract quickly and fatigue easily?

Skeletal muscle cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle cells that allows them to contract spontaneously?

Autorhythmicity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle cell is characterized by its ability to increase in strength when stretched?

Skeletal muscle cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cells that is similar to cardiac muscle cells?

Striated (C) Signup and view all the answers